Test 4 Flashcards
Alopecia
Loss of hair from any cause
Ecchymosis 
Bleeding into the skin and tissue initially evidenced by varied color that gradually fades to green yellow or brown overtime
Erythema
Redness of the skin caused by dilation of the capillaries due to injury, irritation inflammation are very skin conditions
Hirsutism
The Condition of having excessive hair growth
Hyperpigmentation
Increase in the melanin of the skin, resulting in an increase in pigmentation
Hypo pigmentation
Decrease in the melanin of the skin resulting in loss of pigmentation
Keratin
An insoluble fibrous protein that forms the outer skin layer
Keratinocytes
Arising from the innermost layer of the epidermidis synthesize, the insoluble protein keratin
Langerhans cells
The dendritic clear cells in the epidermidis that carry surface receptors for immunoglobulin and complement, and that are active participants in delayed hypersensitivity of the skin
Melanin
The substance responsible for coloration of the skin
Melanocyte
Cells of the skin produce melanin
Merkel cells
Cells of the epidermis that play a role in transmission of sensory messages
Petechiae 
Pinpoint red spots that appear on the skin as a result of blood leakage into the skin
Rete ridges 
Undulations and furrows that appear at the lower edge of the epidermidis at the dermal junction where these two skin layers are cemented together
Sebaceous glands
Glands that exist within the epidermis and secrete sebum to keep the skin soft and pliable
Sebum
Fatty secretion of the sebaceous glands
Telangiectasias
Vascular structures; red marks on the skin caused by distention of the superficial blood vessels
Vitiligo
A localized or widespread condition, characterized by destruction of the melanocytes in circumscribed areas of the skin resulting in white patches
Wood light
Ultraviolet light used for diagnosing skin conditions
Acantholysis
Separation of epidermal cells from each other due to damage or abnormality of the intracellular structure
Bullae
Large fluid filled blisters
Carbuncle
Localized skin infection involving several hair follicles
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips
Comedones
The primary lesions of acne caused by sebum blockage in the hair follicle
Cytotoxic
Destructive of cells
Debridement
Removal of necrotic, or dead tissue by mechanical surgical chemical, or autolytic means
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin
Dermatosis
Any abnormal skin lesion
Epidermopiesis
Development of epidermal cells
Furuncle
Localized skin infection of a single or few hair follicles(Boil )
Hydrophilic
Material that absorbs moisture
Hydrophobic
Material that repels moisture
Hygroscopic
Material that absorbs moisture from the air
Lichenification
Thickening of the horny layer of the skin (Scaling )
Liniments
Lotions with added oil for increased, softening up the skin
Pressure injury
Localized area of the skin breakdown and/or underlying soft tissue damage due to prolonged pressure and insufficient blood supply; formally known as pressure ulcer
Pruitis
Itching
Pyodermas
Pus forming bacterial skin infections
Sinus tract
Course or path of tissue destruction, occurring in any direction from the surface or edge of a wound (Tunneling)
Slough
Soft, moist avascular tissue; maybe white yellow, tan gray, or green; may be loose or firmly adherent
Striae
Band like streaks on the skin, distinguished by color, texture, depression, or elevation from the tissue, in which they are found; usually purpleish or white
Suspensions
Liquid preparation in which powder is suspended, requiring shaking before use
Tinea
A common superficial fungal infection on the skin or scalp (Ringworm)
Undermining
Area of destroy tissue that extends extensively under intact skin along the periphery of a wound
Xerosis
Overly dry rough skin
Autograft
A graph derived from one part of a patient’s body and used on another part of the same patient’s body
Carboxyhemoglobin
Compound of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin formed in the blood with exposure to carbon Monoxide 
Collagen
A protein present in skin tendon, bone cartilage, and connective tissue
Contracture
Shrinkage of burn scar through collagen maturation
Debridement
Removal of Foreign material and devitalized tissue until surrounding healthy, tissue is exposed. 
Donor site
The area from which skin is taken to provide a skin graft for another part of the body
Eschar
Devitalized tissue resulting from a burn or wound 
Escharitomy
A linear excision made through Escher to release constriction of underlying tissue
Fasciotomy
An incision made through the fascia to release constriction of underlying muscle
Homograft
A graft transferred from one human (Living or cadaveric) To another human (Allograft )
Xenograft
A graft attain from an animal of a species, other than that of the recipient (Pig skin ) (Heterograft )
Medication’s to know impetigo 
Cellulitis
Medication’s for Tinea ( Fungal )
Patient education Tinea
Medication management, scabies, and lice
Erythema multifirom
Medication, acne
Medication acne 2
Nursing management, Steven Johnson syndrome
Anterior chamber
Aqueous containing space in the eye between the posterior cornea, and the anterior iris and pupil
Aqueous humor
Transparent nutrient containing fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
Astigmatism
Refractive error due to an irregularity in the curvature of the cornea
Binocular vision
Normal ability of both eyes to focus on one object, and fuse the two images into 1
Blindness
Inability to see defined as corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or less or a visual field of no more than 20° in the better eye 
Cataract
Progressive opacity of the lens of the eye
Chemosis
Edema of the conjunctiva
Diplopia
Seeing one object as to synonym double vision
Ectropion
Turning out of the lower eyelid
Emmetropia
Normal refractive condition resulting in clear. Focus on retina; no optical Defects 
Endophthalmitis
Intraocular infection
Entropion
Turning of the lower eyelid
Enucleation
Removal of the eyeball and part of the optic nerve
Evisceration
Removal of the intraocular contents through a corneal or scleral incision; the optic nerve sclera extraocular muscles, and sometimes the cornea are left intact 
Exenteration
Surgical removal of the entire contents of the orbit surrounding soft tissue, and most or all of the eyelids
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
Glaucoma
Group of conditions characterized by increased intraocular pressure
Hyperemia
Red eyes resulting from dilation of the vasculature of the conjunctiva
Hyperopia
Farsightedness; light rays, focus behind the retina
Hyphema
Blood in the anterior chamber
Hypopyon
Collection of inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of the eye
Injection
Congestion of blood vessels
Keratoconus
Cone shaped deformity of the cornea
Myopia
Nearsightedness; light rays, focus in front of the retina
Neovascularization
Growth of abnormal new blood vessels
Nystagmus
Involuntary oscillation of the eyeball
Papilledema
Swelling of the optic disc, usually due to increased intercranial pressure
Photophobia
Ocular pain on exposure to light
Presbyopia 
Loss of accommodate of power in the lens due to age
Ptosis
Drooping eyelid
Refraction
Determination of the refractive errors of the eye for the purpose of vision correction
Scotomas
Blind or partially blind areas in the visual field
Sympathetic ophthalmia 
An inflammatory condition created in the fellow, eye by the effected eye
Trachoma
An infectious disease caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world
Trichiasis
Turning in of the eyelashes
Vitreous humor
Transparent, colorless, gelatin is material that fills the vitreous chamber behind the lens
Acute otitis media
Inflammation in the middle ear lasting less than six weeks
Cholesteatoma
Tumor of the middle ear or mastoid, or both that can destroy structures of the temporal bone
Chronic otitis media
Repeated episodes of acute otitis media, causing irreversible tissue damage
Conductive hearing loss
Loss of hearing in which efficient sound transmission to the inner ear is interrupted by some obstruction or disease process
Deaf culture
A community that consists of a group of people who are connected by their use of sign language
Deafness
Partial or complete loss of the ability to hear
Dizziness
Altered sensation of orientation in space
Endolymphatic hydrops 
Dilation of the endolymphatic space of the inner ear; the pathologic correlate of meniere’s disease
Exostises
Small, hard protrusions in the lower posterior bony portion of the ear canal
External otitis
Inflammation of the external auditory canal
Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the labyrinth of the inner ear
Ménière’s disease condition of the inner ear characterized by a triad of symptoms
Episodic vertigo Tinnitus and fluctuating Sensorneural hearing loss
Middle ear effusion
Fluid in the middle ear without evidence of infection
Myringotomy
Incision in the tympanic membrane
Nystagmus
Involuntary rhythmic eye-movement
Ossiculoplasty
Surgical reconstruction of the middle ear bones to restore hearing
Otalgia
Sensation of fullness or pain in the ear
Otorrhea
Drainage from the ear
Otosclerosis
A condition characterized by abnormal spongy bone formation around the stapes
Presbycusis
Progressive hearing loss associated with aging
Rhinorrhea
Drainage from the nose
Sensorneural hearing loss
Loss of hearing related to damage to the end organ for hearing or cranial nerve eight or both
Tinnitus
Subjective perception of sound with internal origin; unwanted noise in the head or ear, most often described as ringing in the years
Tympanoplasty
Surgical repair of the tympanic membrane
Vertigo
Illusion of movement, in which the individual or the surroundings are sensed as moving
Agnosia
Loss of ability to recognize objects through a particular sensory system; it may be visual, auditory, or tactile
Ataxia
Inability to coordinate muscle movements, resulting in difficulty in walking talking and performing self-care activities
Autonomic nervous system
Division of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary body functions
Axon
Portion of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body
Babinski reflex sign 
A reflex action of the toes; in adult is indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways, leading from the cerebral cortex
Clonus
Abnormal movement marked by alternating contraction and relaxation of a muscle occurring in rapid succession
Delirium
An acute confused state that begins with disorientation, and if not recognized and treated early, can progress to changes in level of consciousnes And sometimes death
Dendrite
Portion of the neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body
Flaccidity
Displaying a lack of muscle tone;limp floppy
Parasympathetic nervous system
Division of the automatic nervous system, active primarily during non-stressful conditions, controlling, mostly visceral functions
Position sense
Postural sense 
Awareness a position of parts of the body without looking at them i.e. proprioception
Reflex
An automatic response to stimuli
Rigidity
Increase in muscle tone at rest, characterized by increased resistance to passive stretch
Romberg test
Test for cerebellar dysfunction that can be done with the patient seated or standing; inability to maintain position for 20 seconds is a positive test
Spasticity
Sustained increase in tension of a muscle, when it is passively length, and are stretched
Sympathetic nervous system
Division of the automatic nervous system with predominantly excitatory responses synonym the fight or flight system
Vertigo
 Illusion of movement, in which the individual are the surroundings or sensed as moving
Rule of nines
Major burns
Phases of burn injury management
Emergent burns
Fluid and electrolyte, shifts, emergent phase
Nursing in the emergent phase
Medical management of burns
Acute phase burns
Fluid and electrolyte shift acute phase
Nursing in the acute phase
Wound care burns
Pediatric Glasgow coma scale
Levels Of consciousness
Increased intercranial pressure
Nursing interventions, pediatric seizures
Ketogenic diet
Akinetic mutism
Unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound, but sometimes opens the eyes
Altered level of consciousness LOC
When a patient is not oriented, does not follow commands or needs persistent stimuli to achieve a state of alertness
Brain death
Irreversible loss of all function of the entire brain, including the brain stem
Coma
Prolonged state of unconsciousness
Craniectomy
A surgical procedure, that involves removal of a portion of the skull
Craniotomy
A surgical procedure that involves entry into the cranial vault
Cushing’s response
The brains attempt to restore blood flow by increasing arterial pressure to overcomes the increased intercranial pressure
Decrebration
An abnormal body posture associated with severe brain injury, characterized by extreme extension of the upper and lower extremities
Decortication
And abnormal posture associated with severe brain injury, characterized by abnormal Flexon of the upper extremities and extension of the lower extremities
Delirium
An acute confused state that begins with disorientation, and if not recognized and treated early, can progress to changes in level of consciousness, irreversible brain damage, and sometimes death
Dementia
Broad term for a syndrome, characterized by general decline and higher brain functioning, such as reasoning, with a pattern of eventual, decline in the ability to perform even basic activities of daily living, such as toileting and eating
Epilepsy
At least two unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart
Herniation
Abnormal protrusion of tissue through a defect or natural opening
Intracranial pressure
Pressure exerted by the volume of the intracranial contents within the cranial vault
Locked in syndrome
Condition, resulting from a lesion in the pons in which the patient lacks all distal motor activity i.e. paralysis, but cognition is intact
Migraine
A severe unrelenting headache, often accompanied by symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances
Minimally conscious state
A state in which the patient demonstrates awareness, but cannot communicate thoughts or feelings
Monro-Kellie hypothesis
Theory that states that due to limited space for expansion within the skull, an increase in any one of the cranial Contant brain tissue blood or cerebrospinal fluid. CSF causes a change in the volume of the others.
Persistent, vegetative state
Condition in which the patient is wakeful, but devoid of conscious contact without cognitive or affective mental function
Primary headache
Headache, for which no specific organic cause can be found
Prestobulbar effect
Emotional disturbance characterized by uncontrollable episodes of crying or laughing or other emotional displays
Secondary headache
Headache identified as a symptom of another organic disorder, i.e. brain, tumor, hypertension
Seizures
Proximal transient disturbance of the brain resulting from a discharge of abnormal electrical activity
Status ellipticus 
Episode in which of the patient experiences multiple seizures with no recovery time in between
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy SUDEP
Non-traumatic non-drowning, unexpected, death of a patient with epilepsy
Transsphenoidal
Surgical approach to the pituitary via the Sphenoid sinuses
Autonomic dysreflexia
A life-threatening emergency in patients with spinal cord injury that causes a hypertensive emergency synonym automatic hyperreflexia
Complete spinal cord lesion
A condition that involves total loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control below the lesion
Concussion
A temporary loss of neurologic function with no apparent structural damage to the brain
Contusion
Bruising of the brain surface
Incomplete spinal cord lesion
A condition in which there is preservation of the sensory or motor fibers or both below the lesion
Neurogenic bladder
Bladder dysfunction that results from a disorder or dysfunction of the nervous system; may result in either urinary retention or bladder over activity
Paraplegia
Paralysis of the lower extremities with dysfunction of the bowel and bladder from a lesion in the thoracic lumbar sacral region of the spinal cord
Primary injury
Initial damage to the brain that results from the traumatic event
Secondary injury
An insult to the brain subsequent to the original traumatic event
Spinal cord injury, SCI
An injury to the spinal cord vertebral column supporting soft tissue are intervertebral disc caused by trauma
Tetraplegia
Varying degrees of paralysis of both arms and legs, with dysfunction of bowel and bladder from the lesion of the cervical segments of the spinal cord; formally called quadriplegia
Transection
Severing of the spinal cord; transaction can be complete all the way through the spinal cord, are in complete partially through
Traumatic brain injury
An injury to the skull or brain that is severe enough to interfere with normal functioning
Traumatic brain injury, closed, blunt
Occurs when the head accelerates, and then rapidly decelerates or collides with another object and brain tissue is damaged, but there is no opening through the skull and dura
Traumatic brain, injury, open, penetrating
Occurs when an object penetrates, the skull, enters the brain and damages, the soft brain tissue in its path, penetrating injury, or when blunt trauma to the head is so severe that it opens the scalp skull and Dura to expose the brain
Glasgow coma scale
Medication anticholinergics
Glaucoma treatment
General guidelines for ophthalmology drug therapy
Guidelines for communicating with the hearing impaired
Plan of care for a patient experiencing a seizure
Monitoring, antiepileptic drug therapy

Anti-epileptic drug valproic acid
Management of migraine, headaches
Nursing management of headache, education
Migraine medication’s
NSAIDS naproxen, sodium 
Migraine, medication, Aceta, medicine, aspirin, and caffeine
Migraine medication’s ergot alkaloid
Migraine medication serotonin 5HT agonist
Nursing implications serotonin Five HT agonist 
Stroke prevention
Manifestations of ischemic stroke 
Transient ischemic attack TIA
Eligibility criteria for tissue, plasminogen activator administration
Nursing management transient ischemic attack
Nursing process stroke assessment
Medical management acute phase of stroke
Nursing care acute stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
Hemorrhagicum stroke manifestations
Preventative treatment and secondary prevention for strokes
Nursing care post, acute phase stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke assessment
Aneurysms precautions
Aneurysm assessment
Evaluation of expected outcomes, stroke aneurysm
Rash and legions primary legions
Rash and legions secondary lesions
Stages of melanomas
Squamous cell cancer
Basal cell cancer
Burn degrees
