Test 2 Flashcards
Absorption
Phase of the digestive process that occurs when small molecules, vitamins and minerals pass through the walls of the small and large intestine and into the bloodstream
Amylase 
An enzyme that aids in the digestion of starch
Anus
Last section of the gastrointestinal tract outlet for waste products from the G.I. system
Chyme
Mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes and gastric secretions that is produced as food passes through the mouth, esophagus and stomach
Digestion
Phase of the digestive process that occurs when the digestive enzymes and secretions mix with ingested food and when proteins, fats and sugars are broken down into their component smaller molecules
Dyspepsia
Indigestion, upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating
Elimination
Phase of the digestive process that occurs after digestion and absorption when waste products are evacuated from the body
Esophagus
Collapsible tube Connecting the mouth to the stomach through which food passes as it is ingested 
Hydrochloric acid
Acid secreted by the glands in the stomach mixes with chime to break it down into absorbable molecules, and to aid in the destruction of bacteria
Ingestion
Phase of the digestive process that occurs when food is taken into the G.I. tract via the mouth and esophagus
Intrinsic factor
A gastric secretion that combines with vitamin B 12 so that the vitamin could be absorbed
Large intestine
The portion of the G.I. tract into which waste material from the small intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination, begins, consists of several parts, ascending segment, transverse, segment, descending, segment, sigmoid colon and rectum
Lipase
An enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats
Microbiome 
The collective genome of all microbes in the microbiota
Microbiota
The complement of microbes in a given environment
Pepsin
A gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion
Small intestine
Longest portion of the G.I. tract consisting of three part duodenum, jejunum, and ilium, through which food mixed with all secretions and enzymes passes as it continues to be digested, and begins to be absorbed into the bloodstream 
Stomach
Distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric enzymes
Trypsin
Enzyme that aids in the digestion of proteins
Achalasia
Absent or ineffective, peristalsis of the distal, esophagus, accompanied by failure of the esophagus, sphincter to relax in response to swallowing
Aspiration
Inhalation of fluids are foods into the trachea and bronchial tree
Dumping syndrome
Physiologic response to rapid emptying of gastric contents into the small intestine, manifested by nausea, weakness, sweating, palpitations, syncope, and possibly diarrhea (synonym vagotomy syndrome)
Dysphasia
Difficulty swallowing
Dysplasia
Bizarre cell growth, resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, or arrangement from other cells of the same tissue type
Enteral nutrition
Nutritional formula, feedings infused through a tube directly into the gastrointestinal tract
Enteric
Of or relating to the intestines
Gastroesophagel reflux disease GERD
Disorder, marked by backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus that causes troublesome symptoms and mucosal injury to the esophagus
Gastrostomy
Surgical creation of an opening into the stomach for the purpose of administering fluids, nutrition, formulas and medication’s or for decompression and drainage of stomach contents
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums, changing color from pink to red with associated swelling, bleeding and sensitivity/tenderness
Halitosis
Foul odor from the oral cavity in laypersons terms bad breath
Hernia
Protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
Jejunostomy
Surgical creation of an opening into the jejunum for the purpose of administering fluids, nutrition, formulas, and medication’s
Lithotripsy
The use of shockwaves to break up or disintegrate stones
Odynophagia
Pain on swallowing
Osmolality
Ionic concentration of fluid
Patotitis
Inflammation of the parotid gland
Percutaneous endoscopic, gastrostomy PEG
A feeding tube, inserted endoscopically into the stomach
Periapical abscess
Abscessed tooth
Pyrosis
A burning sensation in the stomach and esophagus that moves up to the mouth commonly called heartburn
Sialadenitis
Inflammation of the salivary gland
Stoma
Artificially created, opening between a body cavity and the body surface
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the oral mucosa
Vagotomy syndrome
Gastrointestinal symptoms that include diarrhea and abdominal cramping, resulting from rapid gastric emptying synonym for dumping syndrome
Xerostomia
Dry mouth
Achlorhydria
Lack of hydrochloric acid and digestive secretions of the stomach
Antrectomy
Removal of the pyloric portion of the stomach with Anastomosis (Surgical connection), either to the duodenum or the Jejunum
Dumping syndrome
Physiologic response to rapid emptying of gastric contents into the small intestines, manifested by nausea, weakness, sweating, palpitations, syncope, and diarrhea
Synonym vagotomy Syndrome 
Duodenum
First portion of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum 
Dyspepsia
 Indigestion, upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating
Gastric
Refers to the stomach
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach
Gastric outlet obstruction
Any condition that mechanically impedes normal gastric emptying there is an obstruction of the channel of the pylorus, and the duodenum, through which the stomach empties also called pyloric obstruction
Helicobactor pylori
H. pylori
Spiral shaped Graham negative bacteria that colonize the gastric mucosa is involved in most cases of peptic ulcer disease
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood
Hematochezia
Bright, red, bloody stools
Melena
Tarry or black stools, indicative of occult blood installs
Omentum
Fold of the peritoneum that surrounds the stomach and other organs of the abdomen
Peritoneum
Thin membrane that lines, the inside of the wall of the abdomen, and covers all of the abdominal organs
Pyloroplasty
Surgical procedure to increase the opening of the pyloric orifice
Pylorus 
Opening between the stomach and the duodenum
Pyrosis
A burning sensation in the stomach and esophagus that moves up to the mouth
Serosa
Then membrane that covers the outer surface of the stomach; visceral peritoneum covering the outer surface of the stomach
Steatorrhea
Fatty stool typically malodorous with an oily appearance and floats in the water
Stenosis
Narrowing or tightening of an opening or passage in The Body
Abscess
Localized collection of purulent material surrounded by inflamed tissues
Central venous access device CVAD
A device designed and used for administration of sterile, fluids, nutrition, formulas, and medication’s into central veins
Colostomy
Surgical opening into the colon by means of a stoma to allow drainage of bowel contents; one type of fecal diversion
Constipation
Fewer than three bowel movements weekly or bowel movements, that are hard, dry, small or difficult to pass
Diarrhea
An increased frequency of bowel movements or an increased amount of stool with altered consistency of stool
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticulum from obstruction by fecal matter, resulting in abscess formation
Diverticulosis
Presence of several diverticula in the intestine
Diverticulum
Saclike outpouching of the lining of the bowel protruding through the muscle of the intestinal wall
Fecal incontinence
Involuntary passage of feces
Fissure 
Normal or abnormal fold, Groove or crack in body tissue.
Fistula
Anatomically abnormal tract that arises between two internal organs or between an internal organ and the body surface
Gastrocolic reflux
Peristaltic movements of the large bowel, occurring 5 to 6 times daily that are triggered by distention of the stomach
Hemorrhoids
Dilated portions of the anal vans
Ileostomy
Surgical opening into the ileum, by means of a stoma to allow drainage of bowel contents; one type of fecal diversion
Inflammatory bowel disease, IBD
Group of chronic disorders (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) That result and inflammation are ulceration (or both) Of the bowel lining 
Irritable bowel syndrome, IBS
Chronic functional disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain that affects frequency of defecation and consistency of stool; is associated with no specific structural, or biochemical alterations
Lipid, injectable emulsion LLE
An oil and water, emulsion of oils, egg, phospholipids, and glycerin
Malabsorption
Impaired transport across the mucosa
Parenteral Nutrition
 Method of supplying nutrients to the body by an intravenous route
Peripherally, inserted, central catheter PICC
A device inserted into a peripheral vein and designed and used for administration of sterile, fluids, nutrition, formulas, and medication into central veins
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity
Steatorrhea
Excessive fatty waste in the fetus
Tenesumus
Ineffective and sometimes painful straining and urge to eliminate feces
Total nutrient, admixture TNA
An admixture of Lipid emulsion, proteins, carbohydrates, electrolyte, vitamins, trace minerals, and water
Adipospathy
This function of adipose tissue that causes chronic inflammation and disease
Bariatric
Relating to obesity; term derives from two Greek words, meaning, weight and treatment
Body mass index BMI
A weight to height ratio calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared; the most common measure used to classify and diagnose obesity
Dumping syndrome
Physiologic response to rapid emptying of gastric contents into the jejunum manifested by nausea, weakness, sweating, palpitations, syncope, and possibly diarrhea
Synonym vagotomy Syndrome
Dysphasia
Difficulty swallowing
Genome
The total complement of individual genes in an organism
Microbiome
The collective genome of all microbes in microbia
Microbiota
The complement of microbes in a given environment
Obesity
A disease characterized by an abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat that impairs health
Obesogenic
A factor that promotes weight gain and obesity
Orexigenic
A factor that stimulates appetite
Satiety
Feeling of having eaten sufficient quantities of food
Bacteremia
Laboratory confirm presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
Carrier
 Person who has a pathogen without apparent signs and symptoms; one who is able to transmit an infection to others
Colonization
The presence of micro organisms in or on a host without the host interference or interaction and without eliciting symptoms in the host
Coronavirus disease, 2019 COVID-19
A disease caused by the virus SARS CoV-19
Emerging infectious diseases
Human infectious diseases with an increased incidence. Within the past two decades or with a potential to increase in the near future.
Epidemic
A widespread outbreak of a specific infectious disease from a single source within a community or population that exceeds anticipated levels of impact
Healthcare associated infection HAI
An infection, not present or incubating at the time of admission to the healthcare setting; this term has replaced the term Nosocomial infection
Host
An organism that provides living conditions to support a microorganism
Immune
Person with protection from a previous infection, or vaccination, who resist reinfection when reexposed to the same agent
Incubation. Period.
Time between contact and onset of signs and symptoms
Infection
Condition in which the host interacts, physiologically, and immunologically with a microorganism
Infectious disease
Any disease caused by the growth of pathogenic microbes in the body that may or may not be communicable
Latency
Time interval, after primary infection, when a microorganism lives within the host without producing clinical evidence of disease
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA
Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium that is not susceptible to extended penicillin, antibiotic, formulas, MRSAmay occur in a healthcare or community setting
Normal flora
Persistent, nonpathogenic organisms, colonizing a host
Outbreak
The occurrence of a disease within a population that exceeds normal expectations
Pandemic
An epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents
Reservoir
Any person plant, animal substance or location that provides living conditions for micro organisms, and enables further dispersal of the organism
Severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2
The virus that causes COVID-19
Standard precautions
Strategy of assuming all patients may carry infectious agents and using appropriate barrier precautions for all healthcare worker patient interactions
Susceptible
Not possessing immunity to a particular pathogen
Transient flora
Organisms that have been recently acquired and are likely to be shed in a relatively short. Period.
Transmission-based precautions
Precautions used in addition to standard percussions when contagious significant organisms are recognized; the three types of transmission-based precautions are airborne, droplet, and contact precautions
Vanco myosin resistant Enterococcus VRE 
Entercococcus Bacterium that is not susceptible to the antibiotic Vancomyosin
Virulence
Degree of pathogenesis of an organism
Bile
Fluid produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder that contains cholesterol and bile salts; essential for the proper breakdown and absorption of fats
Chyme
Contents of the stomach containing ingested, food and secreted enzymes, water, and mucus
Gall stones
Hard crystals formed in the gallbladder, when the bile containing many crystalline substances is concentrated
Gastrin
Substance secreted by the stomach in response to many stimuli; stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells and pepsin from the chief cells; causes histamine release at histamine 2 receptors to affect the release of acid
Histamine 2receptorsH2
Site near the parietal cells of the stomach that when stimulated cause the release of hydrochloric acid into the lumen of the stomach also found near cardiac cells
Hydrochloric acid
Acid released by the perinatal cells of the stomach in response to gastrin release or parasympathetic stimulation; makes the stomach contents more acidic to accept to a digestion and breakdown of food products
Local gastrointestinal reflux
Reflex response to various stimuli that allows the G.I. tract, local control of its secretions and movements based on the contents or activity of the whole G.I. system
Nerve plexus
Network of nerve fibers, running through the wall of the G.I. tract that allows local reflexes and control
Pancreatic enzymes
Digestive enzymes, secreted by the exocrine, pancreas, including pancreatin and pancrelipase, which are needed for the proper digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Peristalsis 
Type of G.I. movement that moves food, bolus forward; characterized by a progressive wave of muscle contraction
Saliva
Fluid produced by the saliva glands in the mouth in response to tactile stimuli, and cerebral stimulation; contains enzymes to begin digestion as well as water, and mucus to make the food ball is slippery and easier to swallow
Segmentation
G.I. movement characterized by concentration of one segment of the small intestine while the next segment is relaxed; the contracting segment, then relaxes and relaxed, segment contracts; exposes the time to avast surface area to increase absorption
Swallowing
Complex reflux response to a bolus in the back of the throat; allows passage of the bolus into the esophagus and movement of ingested contents into the G.I. tract
Vomiting
Complex reflux mediated through the medulla after stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone; protective reflux to remove, possibly toxic substances from the stomach
Acid rebound
Reflex response to the stomach to lower than normal acid levels; when acid levels are lowered through the use of antiacid, gastrin, production, and secretion are increased to return the stomach to its normal acidity
Anti-acid
Group of inorganic chemicals that neutralize stomach acid
Digestive enzymes
Enzymes produced in the gastrointestinal tract to break down food into usable nutrients
Gastrointestinal protectant
Drug that coats, any injured area in the stomach to prevent further injury from acid or pepsin
Histamine 2 antagonist
Drug that blocks, the H2 receptor sites; used to decrease acid production in the stomach (H2 sites are stimulated to cause the release of acid from the perinatal cells in response to gastrin are parasympathetic stimulation )
Peptic ulcer
Erosion of the lining of the stomach or duodenum; results from imbalance between acid produced, and the mucus protection of the Gastro intestinal lining, or possibly from infection by Helcobacter pylori bacteria
Prostaglandin
Anyone of numerous tissue hormones that have local effects on various systems and organs of the body, including vasoconstriction, vasodilation increase, or decrease G.I. activity and increase or decrease pancreatic enzyme released
Proton pump, inhibitor
Drug that blocks the H, K, ATPase enzyme system on the secretory surface of the gastric perinatal cells thus interfering with the final step of acid production and lowering acid levels in the stomach
Anti-diarrheal
Drug that blocks of stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to decreased activity and increase time for absorption of Neta, nutrients and water
Bulk stimulant
Agent that increases in bulk frequently by osmotic pull of fluid into the feces; the increased bulk stretches the G.I. wall, causing stimulation and increased G.I. movement
Cathartic dependence
Overuse of laxatives that can lead to the need for strong stimuli to initiate movement in the intestines; local reflexes become resistant to normal stimuli, after prolonged use, departure stimulants, leading to further laxative use
Chemical stimulant
Agent that stimulates the normal, G.I. reflexes by chemically irritating, the lining of the G.I. wall, leading to increased activity in the G.I. tract
Constipation
Slower than normal evacuation of the large intestine, which can result in increased water, absorption from the feces, and can lead to impaction
Diarrhea
More frequent than normal, bowel movements often characterized as fluid like and watery, because not enough time for absorption is allowed during the passage of food through the intestines
Lubricant
Agent that increases the viscosity of the feces, making it difficult to absorb water from the Bolles and easing movement of the ball is through the intestines
Accommodation
Eyes focusing at different distances if the people constrict as the object moves closer
PERRLA
Pupils are equal round reactive to light and accommodation
Phagocytosis
White blood cells digest destroy pathogens
Endogenous pyrogens
Interleukins tumor, necrosis factor and interferon act on the hypothalamus, where they increase prostaglandin production and increases the bodies temperature set point
Communicability
Ability of disease to spread to others
Chain of infection
Process by which an organism is spread
Amebiasis
Amebic dysentery Which is caused by intestinal invasion of the trophozoite stage of the protozoan entamoeba histolytica
Anopheles Mosquito
Type of mosquito that is essential to the lifecycle of plasmodium; injects the protozoa into humans for further maturation
Cinchonism
Syndrome of quinine, toxicity, characterized by nausea, vomiting tinnitus and vertigo
Giardiasis
Protozoal intestinal infection that causes severe diarrhea and epigastric distress; May led to serious malnutrition
Leishmaniasis
Skin mucous membrane are visceral infection caused by a protozoan pass to humans by the bites of sand flies
Malaria
Protozoal infection with plasmodium characterized by cyclic, fever and chills as the parasite is released from ruptured red blood cells causes serious liver, central, nervous system, heart, and lung damage
Plasmodium
A protozoan that causes malaria and human; it’s lifecycle include the Anopheles Mosquito witch, and Jack’s protozoa into humans
Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
Opportunistic infection that occurs when the immune system is depressed; a frequent cause of pneumonia in patients with AIDS and those who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy
Protozoa
Single celled organisms that passes through several stages in their lifecycle, including at least one phase as a human parasite; found in areas of poor sanitation and hygiene and crowded living conditions
Trichomoniasis
Infestation with a protozoan that causes vaginitis in women, but no signs or symptoms in men
Trophozite
A developing stage of a parasite which uses the host for essential nutrients needed for growth
Trypanosomiasis
African sleeping sickness, which is caused by a protozoan that inflames the central nervous system is spread to humans by the bite of the testy fly; also Chagas disease which causes a serious cardiomyopathy after the bite of the house why?
Ascaris
The most prevalent helminthic infection; fertilized, roundworm, eggs are ingested which hatch in the small intestine, and then make their way to the lungs, where they may cause, cough, fever, and other signs of a pulmonary infiltrate
Cestode
Tapeworm with the head and segmented body parts that is capable of growing to several yards in the human intestine
Filariasis
Infection of the blood and tissues of healthy individuals by warm embryos or filariae
Helminth
Worm that can cause disease by invading the human body
Hookworms
Worms that attach themselves to the small intestine of infected individuals where They suck blood from the walls of the intestine damaging the intestinal wall, and leading to severe anemia with lethargic weakness, and fatigue.
Nematode
Roundworm, such as the commonly encountered pinworm, whipworm, threadworm, ascaris , or hookworm that cause a common helminthic infection in humans; can cause, intestinal obstruction, as adult worms clog the intestinal lumen, or severe pneumonia, when the larvae migrate to the lungs, and form a pulmonary infiltrate
Pinworm
Nematode that causes common HELMINTHIC infection in humans; lives in the intestine and causes, anal and possible vaginal irritation and itching
Platyhelminth
Flatworms, including the cestodes or tape worms; a worm that can live in the human intestine, or can invade other human tissues (Flukes )
Schistosomiasis
Infection with a blood fluke that is carried by a snail; it poses a common problem in tropical countries, where the snail is the intermediary in the lifecycle of the worm; larvae burrow into the skin in freshwater and migrate throughout the human body, causing a rash, diarrhea and liver and brain inflammation
Threadworm
Pervasive nematodes that can send larvae into the lungs, liver and central nervous system; can cause, severe pneumonia, or liver abscesses
Trichinosis
Disease that results from ingestion of encysted roundworm, larvae and undercooked pork; larvae migrate throughout the body, to invade the muscles, nerves and other tissues; can cause, pneumonia, heart failure, and encephalitis
Whip worm
 Worm that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa, and sucks blood; may cause, severe, anemia and disintegration of the intestinal mucosa
Atonic
Without tone; denervates muscle, that atrophies
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a muscle
Bursa
Fluid filled sac found in connective tissue usually in the area of joints
Callus
Cartilaginous fibrous tissue at fracture site
Cancellous bone
Latticelike bone structure; trabecular bone 
Cartilage
Tough elastic a vascular tissue at end of bone
Clonus 
Rhythmic contractions of a muscle
Contracture
Abnormal shortening of muscle joint or both Fibrous
Cortical bone
Compact bone
Crepitus
Grating or a crackling sound or sensation may occur with movement of ends of a broken bone or a regular joint surface
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
Effusion 
Excess fluid in joint
Endosteum
A thin vascular membrane covering the marrow cavity of long bones and the spaces in cancellous bone
Epiphysis
End of a long bone
Fascia
Fibrous tissue that covers supports and separates muscles
Fasciculation
Involuntary twitch of muscle fibers
Flaccid
Limp; without muscle tone
Hyper trophy
Enlargement; increase in the size of a muscle
Isometric contraction
Muscle tension is increased without changing its length; there is no associated joint motion
Isotonic contraction
Muscle is shortened without a change and its tension; a joint is moved as a result
Joint
Area where phone ends meet; provides for motion and flexibility
Joint capsule
Fibers tissues that enclosed bone ends, and other joint surfaces
Kyphosis
Increase in the convex curvature of the thoracic spine
Lamellae
Mature, compact bone structures, that form concentric rings of bone matrix; lamellar bone 
Ligament
Rope like bundles of collagen, fibers, connecting bones
Lordosis
Increase in concave curvature of the lumbar spine
Ossification
Process in which minerals (calcium) Are deposited in bone matrix 
Osteoblast
Bone forming cell
Osteoclast
Bone reabsorption cell
Osteocyte
Mature, bone cell
Osteogenesis
Bone formation
Osteon
Microscopic, functional bone unit
Osteopenic
Refers to a reduction in bone mass to below normal levels
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensation
Periosteum
Fibrous, connective tissue covering bone
Remodeling
Process that ensures bone maintenance through simultaneous bone, reabsorption and formation
Reabsorption
Removal/destruction of tissue such as bones
Scoliosis 
Lateral curving of the spine
Spastic
Having greater than normal muscle tone
Synovium
Membrane and joint that secrete lubricating fluid
Tendon
Cord of fibrous tissues, connecting muscle to bone
Tone
Normal tensioner (Resistance to stretch ) in resting muscle 
Trabeculae
Lattice, like bone structure; cancellous bone
Abduction
Movement away from the center or median line of the body
Add duction
Movement toward the center or median line of the body
Arthroplasty
Surgical replacement of joint
Avascular necrosis
Death of tissue due to insufficient blood supply
Bursitis
Inflammation of a fluid filled sac in a joint
Contracture
Abnormal shortening of muscle or fibrosis of joint structures
Heterotopic ossification 
Misplaced formation of bone
Involucrum
New bone growth around a sequestrum 
Osteolysis
Lysis of bone from inflammatory reaction against polythene particulate debris Ask
Osteopenia
Low bone mineral density
Osteophyte
A boney outgrowth or protuberance; bone spur bones
Osteoporosis
Degenerative disease if bone characterized by reduced mass deterioration of matrix and diminished architectural strength
Osteotomy
Surgical cutting a bone
Radiculopathy
Disease of a spinal nerve root, often resulting in pain and extreme sensitivity to touch
Sciatica
Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, resulting in pain and tenderness along the nerve through the thigh and leg
Sequestrum
Dead phone and abscess cavity
Subchondral bone
Bony plate that supports the articular cartilage
Tendinitis
Inflammation of muscle tendons
Allograft
Tissue harvested from a donor for use in another person
Amputation
Removal of a body part, usually a limb or part of a limb
Arthroscope 
Surgical scope inserted into a joint to examine or repair
Autograft
Tissue harvested from one area of the body and used for transplantation to another area of the same body
Avascular necrosis AVN
Death of tissue secondary to a Decrease or lack of perfusion; also called us osteonecrosis
Brace
Externally applied device to support the body or a body, part control movement and prevent injury
Cast
Rigid, external immobilizing device molded to contours of body part
Contusion
Blunt force injury to soft tissue
Crepitus
A grating sound or sensation made by rubbing bony fragments together
Debridement
Surgical remover of contaminated and devitalized tissues, and foreign material
Delayed union
Prolongation of expected healing time for a fracture
Disarticulation
Amputation through a joint
Dislocation
Complete separation of joint surfaces
External fixator 
External metal frame attached to bone fragments to stabilize them
Fracture
A break in the continuity of a bone
Fracture reduction
Restoration of fracture, fragment into anatomic alignment
Heterotopic ossification
Misplaced formation of bone
Malunion 
Healing of a fractured bone in a malaligned position
Neurovascular status
Assessment of the neurologic and circulatory functioning of a body part
Nonunion
Failure of fractured bones to heal together
Osteomyelitis
Infection of the bone
Paresthesia
An abnormal sensation of tingling or numbness are burning
Phantom limb pain
Pain perceived in an amputated section
RICE
Rest ice compression elevation
Sling
Batted used to support an arm
Splint
Device designed specifically to support and immobilize a body part in a desired position
Sprain
An injury to the ligaments and muscles and other soft tissues at a joint
Strain
And a musculotendonous a stress injury
Subluxation
Partial separation of joint surfaces
Traction
Application of a pulling force to a part of the body
Trapeze
Overhead assistive device to promote patient mobility in bed
Analgesic
Compound with pain, blocking properties, capable of producing analgesi
Anti-inflammatory agents
Drugs that block, the affects of the inflammatory response
Antipyretic
Blocking fever, often by direct effects on the thermal regulatory center in the hypothalamus or by blockade of prostaglandin mediators
Chrysotherapy
Treatment with gold salt; gold is taken up by macrophages, which then inhibit phagocytosis; it is reserved for use in patients who are unresponsive to conventional therapy, and can be very toxic
Inflammatory response
The bodies nonspecific response to cell injury, resulting in pain, swelling, heat, and redness in the affected area
Nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAID
Drugs that block, prostaglandin synthesis, and antipyretic anti-inflammatory antipyretic and analgesic agents 
Salicylates
Salicylic acid Compounds used as anti-inflammatory antipyretic and analgesic agents; they block the prostaglandin system
Salicylism
Syndrome associated with high levels of silicate, dizziness, ringing in the ears, difficulty hearing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mental confusion, and latitude
A fibers
Large diameter, nerve fibers that carry peripheral impulses associated with touch and temperature to the spinal cord
A delta fibers
Small diameter, nerve fibers that carry peripheral impulses associated with pain to the spinal cord
C fibers
unmyelinated Slow conducting fibers that carry peripheral impulses associated with pain to the spinal cord
Ergot derivative
Drug that causes a vascular constriction in the brain and the periphery; relieves, or prevent migraine headaches, but is associated with many adverse effects
Gate control theory
Dairy that states that the transmission of a nerve impulse can be modulated at various points along its path by descending fibers from the brain that close the gate and block transmission of pain information, and buy a fibers that are able to block transmission in the dorsal horn by closing the gate for transmission for the A delta and C fibers
Migraine, headache
Headache, characterized by severe unilateral, pulsating head, pain associated with systematic effects, including G.I. upset, and sensitization to light and sound; related to a hyper perfusion of the brain from arterial dilation
Opioids
Drugs originally derived from opium that react with specific opioid receptor throughout the body
Opioid Agonist
Drugs that reacted opioid receptor sites to stimulate the effects of the receptors
Opioid agonists antagonists 
Drugs that reacted, some opioid receptor sites to stimulate their activity and it other opioid receptor sites to block activity
Opioid antagonist
Drugs that block, the IP opioid receptor sites; used to counteract the effects of opioids are to treat an overdose of opiatd
Opioid receptors
Receptor sites on nerves that react with endorphins and ENKEPHALINS, which are receptive to opioid drugs
Pain 
Essentially an emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
Spinothalamic
Nerve pathway from the spine to the thalamus, along which pain impulses are carried to the brain
Triptin
Selective serotonin, receptor blocker that causes a vascular constriction of cranial vessels; used to treat acute migraine attacks
