Test 1 Flashcards
Fried rule
Applies to a child younger than 2
Child’s dose (1-2yr)=[(child’s age in months)/150] x average adult dose
Young Rule
Applies to children 1-12 years
Child’s dose (1-12yr)=[(child’s age in years)/child’s age + 12] x average adult dose
Clark rule
Infants under 1 year
Child’s dose = (weight of child (lb)/150) x average adult dose
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Collection of Opportunistic infections and cancers that occurs when the immune system is severely depressed by a decrease in the the number of functioning helper T cells; caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
AIDS related complex (ARC)
Collection of less serious Opportunistic infections with HIV infection; The Decrease in the number of helper, T cells is less severe than in fully developed AIDS
CCR5 coreceptor antagonist
A drug that blocks the receptor site on the T cell membrane that the HIV virus needs to interact with in order to enter the cell
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
DNA virus that accounts for many respiratory ophthalmic and liver infections
Fusion inhibitor
A drug that prevents the fusion of the HIV-1virus with the human cellular membrane, preventing it from entering the cell
Helper T cell
Human lymphocyte that helps to initiate human immune reactions in response to tissue invasion
Hepatitis B
A serious to potentially fatal, viral infection of the liver, transmitted by bodily fluids
Hepatitis C
A usually mild, viral infection of the liver that can progress to chronic inflammation; most often seen hepatitis after blood transfusions
Herpes
DNA virus that accounts for many diseases, including shingles, cold, sores, genital, herpes, and encephalitis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Retro virus that attacks helper T cells, leading to a decrease in immune function, and AIDS or ARC
Influenza A
RNA virus that invades tissues of the respiratory tract, causing the signs and symptoms of the common cold or flu
Integrase inhibitor
A drug that inhibits the activity of the virus, specific enzyme, integrase, an encoded enzyme needed for viral replication; blocking this enzyme prevents the formation of the HIV-1 pro virus
Interferon
Tissue hormone that is released in response to viral invasion; blocks viral replication
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Drugs that bind to sites on the reverse transcriptase within the cell cytoplasm, preventing RNA and DNA dependent DNA polymerase activities, needed to carry out, viral DNA synthesis; prevents the transfer of information that allows the virus to replicate and survive
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Drugs that prevent the growth of the viral DNA chain, preventing it from inserting into the host, DNA, so viral replication cannot occur
Protease inhibitors
Drugs that block, the activity of the enzyme, protease, and HIV; protease is essential for the maturation of infectious virus, and it’s absence leads to the formation of an immature and non-infective HIV particle
Virus
Particle of DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat that survives by invading a cell to alter its functioning
Active immunity
The formation of antibodies secondary to exposure to a specific antigen; leads to the formation of plasma, cells, antibodies, and memory cells to immediately produce antibodies, if exposed to that antigen in the future; imparts lifelong immunity
Anti-toxins
Immune sera that contain antibodies to specific toxins, produced by invaders; may prevent the toxin from adhering to body, tissues, and causing disease
Antivenins 
Immune sera that contain antibodies to specific venins , produced by poisonous snakes or spiders; may prevent venom from causing cell death
Biological
Vaccines,immune sera, and anti-toxins that are used to stimulate the production of antibodies to provide performed antibodies to facilitate an immune reaction, or to react specifically with the toxins produced by an invading pathogen
Immune sera
Preformed antibodies found in immunoglobulin from animals or humans who have had a specific disease and developed antibodies to it
Immunization
The process of stimulating active immunity by exposing the body to weekend, or less toxic proteins associated with specific disease causing organisms; the goal is to stimulate immunity without causing the full course of a disease
Passive immunity
The injection of performed antibodies into a host at high risk for exposure to a specific disease; immunity is limited by the amount of circulating antibodies
Serum sickness
Reaction of a host to injected antibodies or foreign sera; host cells, make antibodies to the foreign proteins and a massive immune reaction can occur
Apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing
Bronchophony
Abnormal increase in clarity of transmitted voice sounds heard, when osculating belongs
Bronchoscopy
Direct examination of the larynx trachea and bronchi using endoscope
Cilia
Short fine hairs that provide a constant whipping motion that serves to propel mucus and foreign substances away from the lung toward the larynx
Compliance
Measure of the force required to expand or inflate the lungs
Crackles
Non-musical discontinuous popping sounds during inspiration caused by delayed reopening of the airways heard on chest auscultation 
Dyspnea
Subjective experience that describes an uncomfortable or painful, breathing sensation when either at rest, or while walking or climbing stairs; also commonly referred to as shortness of breath
Egophony
Abnormal change in tone of voice that is heard when auscultating the lungs
Fremitus
Vibrations of speech felt as tremors of the chest wall during palpitation
Hemoptysis
Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract
Hypoxemia
Decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood
Hypoxia
Decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells
Obstructive sleep apnea
Temporary absence of breathing during sleep, secondary to transient upper airway obstruction
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath, when lying flat; relieved by sitting or standing
Oxygen saturation
Percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen
Physiologic dead space
Portion of the tracheobronchial tree that does not participate in gas exchange
Pulmonary diffusion
Exchange of gas molecules (Oxygen and carbon dioxide ) From areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration 
Pulmonary perfusion
Blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature
Respiration
Gas exchange between atmospheric air, and the blood, and between the blood and cells of the body
Rhonchi
Deep, low pitch snoring sounds associated with partial airway, obstruction, heard on chest auscultation
Strider
Continuous, high-pitched, musical sound heard on inspiration, best heard over the neck; may be heard, without use of a stethoscope, secondary to upper airway obstruction
Tachypnea
Abnormally, rapid, respirations
Tidal volume
Volume of air inspired an expired with each breath during normal breathing
Ventilation
Movement of air in and out of the airways
Wheezes
Continuous musical sounds associated with airway narrowing or partial obstruction
Whispered pectoriloquy
Whispered sound heard loudly, and clearly upon thoracic auscultation
Acute lung injury
An umbrella term for hypoxemic respiratory failure; equivalent to mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Nonspecific pulmonary response to a variety of pulmonary and non-pulmonary insults to the lung; characterized by interstitial infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, atelectasis, refractory hypoxemia, and with the exception of some patients with coronavirus disease, and ARDS, decreased compliance
Airway pressure release, ventilation (APRV)
Mode of mechanical ventilation that allows unrestricted, spontaneous breaths throughout the ventilatory cycle; on inspiration, the patient receives a preset, level of continuous positive, airway, pressure, and pressure is periodically released to aid expiration
Aspiration
Inhalation of either oralpharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways
Atelectasis
Collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation, obstruction to the airways, or compression
Bilevel, positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
Non-invasive spontaneous breath mode of mechanical ventilation that allows for the separate control of inspiratory and expiratory pressures; given via a mask
Central cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin, or mucous membrane’s due to hemoglobin, caring, reduced amounts of oxygen
Chest drainage system
The use of a chest tube and closed drainage system to reexpand the lungs and remove excess air, fluid, or blood
Consolidation
Lung tissue that has become more solid in nature due to the collapse of alveoli are infectious process (Pneumonia )
Continuous mandatory (Volume or pressure ) Ventilation (CMV)
Also referred to as assist control (A/C) Ventilation; mode of mechanical ventilation, in which the patient’s breathing pattern may trigger the ventilator to deliver a preset tidal, volume or step pressure; in the absence of spontaneous breathing, the machine delivers a controlled breath at a preset, minimum rate, and tidal volume or set pressure 
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Positive pressure applied throughout the respiratory cycle to a spontaneous breathing patient to promote alveolar and airway stability and increase functional residual capacity; may be given with endotracheal, or tracheostomy tube or by mask
Cor pulmonale
Heart of the lungs; enlargement of the right ventricle from hypertrophy or dilation as a secondary response to disorders that affect the lungs
Empyema
Accumulation of purulent material in the plural space
Endotracheal intubation
Insertion of a breathing tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea
Hemoptysis
The coughing up of blood from the lower respiratory tract
Hemothorax
Partial or complete collapse of the lung due to blood accumulating in the pleural space; may occur after surgery our trauma
Hypoxemia
Decrease in oxygen tension in the arterial blood
Hypoxia
Decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells
Incentive spirometry
Method of deep breathing that provides visual feedback to help the patient inhale deeply, and slowly and achieve maximum long inflation
Intermittent mandatory (Volume or pressure ) Ventilation (IMV)
Mode of mechanical ventilation that provides a combination of mechanically assisted breaths at a preset volume of pressure and rate and spontaneous breaths
Induration
An abnormally, hard, legion or reaction, as in a positive tuberculosis skin test
Mechanical ventilator
A positive or negative pressure, breathing device that supports ventilation and oxygenation
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath, when reclining in or in the supine position
Plural effusion
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
Plural Friction rub
Localized grating or creaking sound caused by the rubbing together of inflamed, parietal and visceral pleura
Pleural space
The area between the parietal and visceral pleura a potential space
Pneumothorax
Partial or complete collapse of the lung due to a positive pressure in the pleural space
Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
Positive pressure maintained at the end of exhalation (Instead of a normal zero pressure) To increase functional residual capacity and open collapsed alveoli 
Pressure support ventilation (PSV)
Mode of mechanical ventilation, in which preset positive pressure is delivered with spontaneous breaths to decrease work of breathing
Proportional assist ventilation (PAV)
Mode of mechanical ventilation that provides partial ventilator support in proportion to the patient’s inspiratory effort; decreases the work of breathing
Purulent
Consisting of, containing, or discharging puss
Respiratory weaning
Process of gradual, systematic, withdrawal, a removal of ventilator, breathing tube, and oxygen
Restrictive lung disease
Disease of the lung that causes a decrease in lung volumes
Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV)
Mode of mechanical ventilation, in which the ventilator allows the patient to breathe spontaneously, while providing a preset number of breaths to ensure adequate ventilation; ventilated breaths are synchronized with spontaneous breathing
Tension pneumothorax
Pneumothorax characterized by increasing positive pressure in the plural space with each breath; this is an emergency situation, and the positive pressure needs to be decompressed or released immediately
Thoracentesis
Insertion of a needle or catheter into the pleural space to remove fluid that has accumulated and decrease pressure on the lung tissue; may also be used diagnostically to identify potential causes of plural effusion
Thoracotomy
Surgical opening into the chest cavity
Tidal volume
Volume of air inspired an expired with each breath
Tracheostomy tube
Indwelling tube inserted directly into the trachea to assist with ventilation
Tracheostomy
Surgical opening into the trachea
TransBronchial.
Through the bronchial wall, as in a trans bronchial, lung biopsy
Ventilation perfusion (V./Q.)
Refers to the ratio between ventilation and perfusion in the lung; matching of ventilation to perfusion optimize gas exchange
Air trapping
Incomplete emptying of alveoli during expiration due to loss of lung tissue elasticity (emphysema), Bronchospasm (Asthma ), or airway obstruction 
Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency
Genetic disorder resulting from deficiency of Alpha1 antitrypsin, A protective agent for the lung; increases patient’s risk for developing panacinar emphysema, even in the absence of smoking 
Asthma
A heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation; defined by history of symptoms, such as wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that vary overtime and in intensity
Bronchiectasis
Chronic irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles that results from the destruction of muscles and elastic connective tissue; dilated airways become saccular and are a medium for chronic infection
Chest Percussion 
Manually, cupping hands over the chest wall and using vibrations to mobilize secretions by mechanically dislodging viscous or adherent secretions in the lungs
Chest physiotherapy (CPT)
Therapy used to remove bronchial, secretions, improve ventilation, and increase the efficiency of the respiratory muscles; types include postural drainage, chest percussion, and vibration and breathing retraining
Chronic bronchitis
A disease of the airways defined as the presence of cough and sputum production, for at least a combined total of three months in each of two consecutive years
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Disease state characterized by airflow, limitation, that is not fully reversible; sometimes referred to as chronic airway obstruction or chronic obstructive lung disease
Desaturate
A precipitous drop in the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
Dry powder inhaler (DPI)
A compact, portable inspiratory flow driven inhaler that delivers dry powder medication’s into the patient’s lungs
Emphysema
A disease of the airways characterized by destruction of the walls of over descended alveoli
Flutter valve
Portable, handheld, mucus clearance device; consisting of a tube with an osculating steel ball inside; upon expiration high frequency, oscillations, facilitate mucus expectoration
Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)
Concentration of oxygen delivered (1.0 Equals 100% oxygen )
Hypoxemia
Decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood
Hypoxia
Decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells
Polycythemia
Increase in the red blood cell concentration in the blood; in COPD, the body attempts to improve oxygen, carrying capacity by producing increasing amounts of red blood cells
Postural drainage
Positioning the patient to allow drainage from all lobes of the lungs and airways
Pressurize meter dose inhaler (pMDI)
A compact, portable patient activated pressurized medication canister that provides aerosolized medication that the patient inhales into the lungs
Small volume nebulizer (SVN)
A handheld generator driven medication delivery system that provides aerosolized liquid medication that the patient inhales into the lungs
Spirometry
Pulmonary function test that measures specific lung, volumes and rates; may be measured before and after bronchodilator administration
Vibration
A type of massage given by quickly, tapping the chest with the fingertips, or alternating the fingers in a rhythmic manner, or by using a mechanical device to assist in mobilizing lung secretions
Aerobic
Bacteria that depend on oxygen for survival
Anaerobic
Bacteria that survive without oxygen, which are often seen when blood flow is cut off to an area of the body
Gram-negative
Bacteria that accept a negative stain and are frequently associated with infections of the genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract
Gram-positive
Bacteria that take a positive stain and are frequently associated with infections of the respiratory tract and soft tissues
Synergistic
Drugs that work together to increase drug effectiveness
Adrenal cortex
Outer layer of the adrenal gland; produces glucocorticosteroids and mineralocoticosteroids in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) Stimulation; also responds to sympathetic stimulation 
Adrenal medulla
Inner layer of the adrenal gland; a sympathetic ganglion it releases, norepinephrine, and epinephrine into circulation in response to sympathetic stimulation
Corticosteroids
Steroid, hormones, produced by adrenal cortex; includes androgens, glucocorticoids and mineralocortids
Diurnal, rhythm
Response of the hypothalamus, and then the pituitary and adrenals, to wakefulness and sleeping; normally the hypothalamus begin secretion of corticotropin releasing factor(CRF) In the evening, peeking at about midnight; adrenocortical peek responses between 6 and 9 AM; levels fall during the day until evening when the low level is picked up by the hypothalamus and CRF secretion begins again 
Glucocorticoids
Steroid hormones released from the adrenal cortex; they increase blood glucose levels, fat deposits, and protein breakdown for energy
Mineralocorticoids
Steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex; they cause sodium and water retention and potassium excretion
Alveoli
The respiratory sac the smallest unit of the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Asthma
Disorder characterized by recurrent and reversible episodes of bronchospasm (Brachial muscle spasms leading to narrowed or obstructed airways )
Atelectasis
Collapse of once expanded Alveoli 
Bronchial tree
The conducting airways leading into the alveoli; they branch, smaller and smaller, appearing much like a tree
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Chronic condition that occurs over time; often the result of chronic bronchitis emphysema, and/or refractory, asthma; obstruction is not fully reversible
Cilia
Microscopic, hair-like projections of the epithelial cell membrane lining the upper respiratory tract, Which are constantly moving and directing the mucus and any trapped substance Toward the throat 
Common cold
Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that initiates the release of histamine and prostaglandins and causes an inflammatory response
Cough
Reflex response to irritation in the conducting airways results, in expelling a forced air through the mouth
Cystic fibrosis
Hereditary disease, that results in the accumulation of copious amounts of thick secretions in the lungs, which will eventually lead to obstruction of the airways and destruction of the lung tissue
Larynx
The vocal cords and epiglottis, which close during swallowing to protect the lower respiratory tract from any foreign particles
Lower respiratory tract
The bronchi, and the alveoli that make up the lungs; the area where gas exchange takes place
Pharynx 
The membrane lined cavity that is behind the mouth and nose, and before the esophagus and larynx
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs that can be caused by bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue or by aspiration of foreign substances
Pneumothorax
Air in the plural space, exerting high pressure against the alveoli
Respiration
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveoli and capillary
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Disorder found in premature neonates whose lungs have not had time to mature and who are lacking sufficient sufactant to maintain open airways to allow for respiration.
Respiratory membrane
Area through which gas exchange must be made; made up of the capillary endothelium, the capillary basement membrane, the interstitial space, the alveolar basement membrane, the alveolar endothelium, and the surfactant layer
Seasonal rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal cavity commonly called hay fever; caused by reaction to a specific antigen
Sneeze
 Reflex response to irritation to receptors in the nerves, resulting in expelling a forced air through the nose
Surfactant
Lipo proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, allowing them to stay open to allow gas exchange
Trachea
The main conducting airway leading into the lungs
Upper respiratory tract
The nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. The conducting airways were no gas exchange occurs.
Ventilation
Movement of gases in and out of the lungs
Antihistamines
Drugs that block, the release or action of histamine a chemical released during inflammation that increases secretions and narrows airways
Antitussives
Drugs that block the cough reflex 
Decongestants
Drugs that decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract, and decrease the overproduction of secretions
Expectorant
Drugs that increase productive, cough to clear the airways
Mucolytics
Drugs that increase or liquefy respiratory secretions to aid the clearing of the airways
Rebound Congestion
A process that occurs when the nasal passages become congested as the effect of a decongestant drug wears off; patients tend to use more drug to decrease the congestion and a vicious cycle of congestion drug and congestion develops leading to abuse of the decongestant. Also called rhinitis medicamentoas
Rhinitis medicamentosa
Reflex reaction to vasoconstriction caused by decongestants; a rebound vasodilation that often leads to prolonged overuse of decongestions; also called rebound congestion
Bronchodilator
Medication used to facilitate respirations by dilating the airways; helpful in symptomatic relief and prevention of bronchial, asthma, and bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by apneic periods, Followed by periods of tachypnea may reflect delayed blood flow through the brain.
Leukotrine Receptor antagonist
Drugs that selectively and competitively block or antagonize receptors for the production of leukotrine D4 and E4 components of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SESA)
Mast cell stabilizer
Drug that works at the cellular level to inhibit the release of histamine (Released from the cells in response to inflammation or irritation ). And the release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRSA)
Sympathomimetics
Drugs that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
Xanthines
Naturally occurring substances, including caffeine and theophylline that have a direct effect on the smooth muscle of the respiratory tract, both in the bronchi, and in the blood vessels
Acid rebound
Reflux response of the stomach to lower than normal acid levels; when acid levels are lowered through the use of antacids gastrin production, and secretion are increased to return the stomach to its normal acidity
Antacids
Group of inorganic chemicals that neutralize stomach acid
Digestive enzymes
Enzymes produced in the gastrointestinal tract to break down food into usable nutrients
Gastrointestinal protectant
Drug that coats, any injured area in the stomach to prevent further injury from acid or pepsin
Histamine 2 antagonist(H2)
Drug that blocks, the H2 receptor sites; used to decrease acid production in the stomach (H2 sites are stimulated to cause the release of acid from the Parietal cells in response to gastrin or parasympathetic stimulation )
Peptic ulcer
Erosion of the lining of the stomach or duodenum; results from imbalance between acid produced, and the mucus protection of the Gastro intestinal lining are possibly from infection by Helicobacter pylori bacteria
Prostaglandin
Anyone of numerous tissue hormones that have local effects on various systems and organs of the body, including vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increased, or decreased G.I. activity, and increased or decreased pancreatic enzyme release
Proton pump, inhibitor
Drug that blocks, the H, K, ATPase enzyme system on the secretory surface of the gastric, parietal cells, thus interfering with the final step of acid production, and lowering acid levels in the stomach
Anemia
Decreased red blood cell count
Band cell
Slightly immature neutrophil
Blast cell
Primitive white blood cell
Cytokines
Proteins produced by leukocytes that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis and immune response
Differentiation
Development of functions and characteristics that are different from those of the parent stem cell
Erythrocyte
A cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide; red blood cell
Erythropoiesis
Process of the formation of red blood cells
Erythropoietin
Hormone produced, primarily by the kidney; necessary for eryropoiesis
Fibrin
Filamentous proteins; the basis of thrombus and blood clot
Fibrinogen
Protein , converted into fibrin to form, thrombus and clot
Fibrolysis
Process of breakdown of fibrin clot
Granulocyte
Granulated white blood cells
Hematocrit
Percentage of total blood volume consisting of red blood cells
Hematopoiesis
Complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells
Hemoglobin
Iron, containing protein of red blood cells; delivers oxygen to tissues
Hemostasis
Intricate balance between clot formation, and clot dissolution
Leukocyte
One of several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body; subtype includes in neutrophils eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes; white blood cells
Leukopenia
Less than normal amount of white blood cells in circulation
Lymphoid
Pertaining to lymphocytes
Macrophage
Reticuloendthelial Cells, capable of phagocytosis
Monocyte
Large white blood cell that becomes a macrophage when it leaves the circulation and moves into body tissues
Myeloid
Pertaining to non-lymphoid blood cells that differentiate into red blood cells, platelets macrophages, mast cells, and various white blood cells
Myelopiesis
Formation and maturation of cells, derived from myeloid stem cells
Natural killer cells (NK)
Lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and malignant cells
Neutrophil
Fully mature white blood cell capable of phagocytosis; primary defense against bacterial infection
Oxyhemoglobin
Combined form of oxygen and hemoglobin; primarily found in arterial blood
Phagocytosis
Process of cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign bodies
Plasma
Liquid portion of blood
Plasminogen
Proteins converted to plasmin to dissolve, thrombi and clots
Platelet
A cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation; also called thrombocyte
Red blood cell (RBC)
A cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide; also called erythrocyte
Reticulocytes
Slightly immature, red blood cells usually only 1% of total circulating red blood cells
Reticuloendothelial system
Complex system of cells throughout the body capable of phagocytosis
Serum
Portion of blood remaining after coagulation occurs
Stem cell
Primitive cell capable of self replication and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
Stroma
Component of the bone marrow, not directly related to hematopoiesis But serves important supportive roles in this process 
Thrombocyte
A cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation; also called platelet
White blood cells (WBC)
One of several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body; subtypes include neutrophils eosinophils basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
A calculation of the number of circulating neutrophils, derived from the total number of white blood cells, and the percentage of neutrophils counted in a microscope’s visual field
Anemia
Decreased red blood cell count
Aplasia
Lack of cellular development (Of cells within the bone marrow )
Cytokines
Proteins produced by leukocytes that are critical for regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis And immune response
Eryrocyte
A cellular component of blood, essential to the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide; also called red blood cell
Erythroid cells
Any cell that is or will become a mature red blood cell
Erythropoietin
Hormone produced, primarily by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia that is necessary for erythropoiesis
Heptoglobulin
Blood protein, synthesized by the liver; binds, free, hemoglobin, released from your ether sites, which is then removed by the reticuloendothelial system 
Hemolysis 
Destruction of red blood cells with release of cellular components into the circulation; may occur within or outside the vasculature
Hemosiderin
Iron, containing pigment, derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin
Hypochromia
Power within the red blood cells caused by decreased hemoglobin Contant
Leukemia
Uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells
Lymphopenia
A lymphocyte count less than 1500 per millimeters cubed 
Megaloblastic, anemia
A type of anemia characterized by abnormally, large, nucleated red blood cells
Microcytosis
Smaller than normal red blood cells
Neutropenia
Lower than normal number of neutrophils
Normochromatic
Normal red blood cell color, indicating normal amount of hemoglobin
Normocytic
Normal size of red blood cells
Pancytopenia
Abnormal decrease and white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
Petechiae
Tiny capillary hemorrhages
Poikilocutosis
Variation in shape of red blood cells
Polycythemia
Excess red blood cells
Reticulocytes
Slightly immature, red blood cells usually 1% total number of circulating red blood cells
Spherocytes
Small spherically shaped red blood cells
Thrombocytopenia
Lower than normal platelet count
Thrombocytosis
Higher than normal platelet count
Absolute neutrophil count
Calculation of the number of circulating, neutrophils dersyfrom the total white blood cells, and the percentage of neutrophils counted in a microscope’s visual field
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Blast cells
Immature, leukocytes
Cytokines
Proteins produced by Leukocytes that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune response; Also called biochemical or inflammatory mediator’s
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Laboratory test that measures the rate of settling of red blood cells; elevation is indicative of inflammation; also called the sed rate
Erythromelalgia
A burning, painful sensation and erythema in the fingers or toes
Hematopoiesis
Complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells
Indolent
When, in reference to a neoplasm refers to a slow growing cancer, that often remains localized or causes few symptoms
Leukemia
Uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells often immature
LymphOdemapathy
Enlargement of a lymph node or lymph nodes
Lymphoid
Pertaining to lymphocytes
Myeloid
Pertaining to non-lymphoid blood cells that differentiate into red blood cells platelets And various white blood cells 
Neutropenia
Lower than normal number of neutrophils
Pancytopenia
Abnormal decrease in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
Petechiae
Tiny capillary hemorrhages
Phagocytosis
Process of cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign bodies
Reticulocytes
Slightly immature, red blood cells usually only 1% of total circulating red blood cells
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
Stem cell
Primitive cell capable of self replication and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid stem cell
Thrombocythemia
Higher than normal platelet count that occurs without a known cause
Thrombocytopenia
Lower than normal platelet count
Thrombocytosis
Higher than normal platelet, count that results because of a disease or disorder
Anticoagulants
Drugs, that block or inhibit any step of the coagulation process, preventing or slowing clot formation
Antiplatelet agents
Drugs that interfere with the aggregation or clumping of platelets to form the platelet plug
Clotting factors
Substances formed in the liver, many requiring vitamin K, that react in a cascading sequence to cause the formation of thrombin from prothrombin; thrombin then breaks down, fibrin threads from fibrinogen to form a clot
Coagulation
The process of blood changing from a fluid state to a solid state to plug injuries to the vascular
Extrinsic pathway
Cascade of clotting factors in blood that has escaped the vascular system to form a clot on the outside of the injured vessel 
Hageman factor
First factor activated when a blood vessel or cell is injured; starts the cascading reaction of the clotting factors, activates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve clots, and activates the kinin system responsible for activation of the inflammatory response
Hemorrhagic disorders
Disorders characterized by a lack of clot, forming substances, leading to states of excessive bleeding
Hemostatic agents
Drugs that stop blood loss, usually by blocking the plasminogen mechanism and preventing clot dissolution
Intrinsic pathway
Cascada clotting factors leading to the formation of a clot within an injured vessel 
Plasminogen
Natural clot dissolving system converted to plasmin (Also called fibrinolysin ) By many substances, to dissolve clots that are formed, and to maintain the patency of injured vessels
Platelet aggregation
Property of platelets to adhere to an injured surface, and then attract other platelets, which clump together to aggregate at the area, plugging up an injury to the vascular system
Thromboembolic disorders
Disorders, characterized by the formation of clots or thrombi on injured blood vessels with potential breaking of the clot, to form emboli that can travel to smaller vessels. Were, they become lodged, and occlude the vessel.
Thrombolytic agents
Drugs that lyse or break down a clot that is formed; these drugs activate, the plasminogen mechanism to dissolve fibrin threads
Anemia
Disorder involving two few red blood cells or ineffective red blood cells that can alter the bloods ability to carry oxygen
Erythrocytes 
Red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide; they have no nucleus and live approximately 120 days
Erythropoiesis
Process of red blood cell production and lifecycle, formed by megaloblastic cells in the bone marrow using iron Folic acid, carbohydrates, vitamin B12, and amino acids; they circulate in the vascular system for about 120 days, and then are lysed and recycled
Erythropoietin
Glycoprotein produced by the kidneys, released in response to decreased blood flow or low oxygen tension in the kidney; stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
Iron deficiency, Amenia
Low red blood cell count with low iron available because of high demand poor diet or poor absorption, treated with iron replacement
Megaloblastic, anemia
Anemia caused by lack of vitamin B-12, and/or folic acid in which red blood cells are fewer number and have a weak stroma and a short lifespan; treated by replacement of folic acid and vitamin B 12
Pernicious, anemia
Type of megaloblastic anemia, characterized by a lack of vitamin B-12, secondary to low production of intrinsic factor by gastric cells; vitamin B 12 must be replaced by intramuscular injection or nasal spray, because it cannot be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract
Plasma
The liquid part of the blood; consist mostly of water and plasma, proteins glucose and electrolytes
Reticulocyte
Red blood cell that has lost its nucleus and entered circulation just recently not yet fully matured
Sickle cell anemia
Autosomal recessive disorder that causes abnormalities in the hemoglobin in the red blood cell, causing them to change into a sickle shape, which is more likely to become, stuck in and include blood vessels, causing damage to the blood vessels and obstructing blood flow to other tissues and organs
Mortality
The number of individuals who have died over a specific. Period
Morbidity
Measure of the prevalence of a specific illness in a population at a particular time
Nursing process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation 
Standard of care
Minimally accepted action, expected of an individual of a certain skill or knowledge level and reflects what a reasonable and prudent person would do in a similar situation
Informed consent
Must be done before the procedure or specific care, addresses, the legal and ethical requirement of informing the child and parent about the procedure
Mature, minor
Usually older than 14 years of age is sufficiently mature and intelligent to make the decision for treatment
Emancipated minor
Have the legal capacity of an adult and may make his or her own healthcare decisions
Assent
Refers to the child’s participation in the decision making process about healthcare
Genetics
The study of heredity, and it’s variations it is a field that has applications to all stages of life and types of diseases
Heredity
The process of transmitting genetic characteristics from parent to offspring
Resilience
Refers to the qualities that enable an individual to cope with significant adverse events or stresses and still function confidently, and have positive outcomes
Family structure
The way that the family is organized, and the way that the family members interact with one another on a regular reoccurring basis in socially sanctioned ways
Growth
Increasing physical size
Development
Sequential process by which infants and children gain various skills and functions
Object permanence
If an object is hidden from the infant site here she will search for it in the last place it was seen, knowing it still exists
Cephalcaudal
From head to tale
Proximodistal
From the center to the periphery
Binocularity
The ability to fuse two ocular images into one cerebral picture
Stranger anxiety
The previously happy and very friendly infant may become clingy and whiny. When approached by strangers are people not well known 
Temperament
And individuals nature, it is the child’s inborn traits that determine how he interacts with the world
Anticipatory Guidance 
Educating parents and caregivers about what to expect in the next phase of development
Solitary play
Does not share with other infants are directly play with other infants
Negativism
Always saying no normal part of a healthy development, and as occurring as a result of the toddlers attempt to assert his or her independence
Receptive language
The ability to understand what is being said, or asked
Expressive language
The ability to communicate one’s desires and feelings
Echolalia
Repetition of words and phrases without understanding
Telegraphic speech
Speech that contains only the essential words to get the point across
Preoperational thought
The child remains egocentric and is able to approach a problem from a single point of view only
Magical, thinking
The preschooler believes that his or her thoughts are all powerful
Transduction
Extrapolate from a particular situation to another, even though the events may be unrelated
Telegraphic speech
Short sentences that contain only the essential information
Incubation. Period.
Interval before symptoms, the period between the time somebody is infected with the disease and the appearance of its first symptoms
Communicability
Readily transmittable able to be passed from one person, animal or organism to another
Agent
Responsible for causing disease, infectious, chemical, or physical agent
Prodromal stage
The initial stage of disease, the interval between the earliest symptoms in the appearance
WBC
leukocyte
Fights infection
Neutrophil
Essential and preventing or limiting bacterial infection via phagocytosis
Monocyte
Enters tissues as macrophage, highly phagocytotic, especially against fungus immune surveillance
Eosinophils
Involved in allergic reactions, neutralizes histamine digest foreign proteins
Basophils
Contains histamine, integral part of hypersensitivity reactions
Lymphocyte
Integral component of immune system
T lymphocyte
Responsible for cell mediated immunity recognizes material as foreign
B lymphocyte
Responsible for humoral immunity, many mature into plasma cells to form antibodies
Plasma cell
Secretes immunoglobulin, most mature form of B lymphocyte
Red blood cell
Carries hemoglobin to provide oxygen to tissues average lifespan is 120 days
Platelet
Fragment of megakaryocyte provides basis for a coagulation to occur, maintains homeostasis. Average lifespan is 10 days.
