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Nur201 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Acute coronary syndrome

A

A constellation of signs and symptoms due to the rupture of atherosclerotic plaque and resultant partial or complete thrombosis within a diseased coronary artery

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2
Q

Afterload

A

The amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle

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3
Q

Apical impulse

A

Impulse normally palpated at the fifth intercostal space left midclavicular line caused by contraction of the left ventricle synonym point of maximal impulse

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4
Q

Atrioventricular node AV

A

Secondary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right, atrial wall near the tricuspid valve

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5
Q

Bororecepters

A

Nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are responsible for control of blood pressure

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6
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

An invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressures, and assess patency of the coronary arteries

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7
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

Specialized heart cells, strategically located throughout the heart that are responsible for methodically generating and coordinating the transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells

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8
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle and liters per minute

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9
Q

Cardiac stress test

A

A test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand; test may be initiated by exercise or medication’s

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10
Q

Contractility 

A

Ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse

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11
Q

Depolarization

A

Electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while Potassium exits the cell.

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12
Q

Diastole

A

. A ventricular relaxation resulting in ventricular filling. 

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13
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Percentage of the end diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat

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14
Q

Hemodynamic monitoring

A

The use of pressure monitoring devices to directly measure the cardiovascular function

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15
Q

Hypertension

A

Blood pressure that is persistently greater than 130/1,80 mmHg

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16
Q

Hypotension

A

A decrease in blood pressure to less than 90/ 60 mmHg that compromises systemic perfusion

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17
Q

Murmurs

A

Sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart

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18
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

Condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart

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20
Q

Normal heart sounds

A

Sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 (Atrioventricular valves ) and S2 (Semilunar valve)

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21
Q

Opening snaps

A

Abnormal diastolic sounds generated during opening of rigid, atrioventricular valve leaflets

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22
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

A significant drop in blood pressure (20 mmHg systolic or more than 10 mmHg diastolic or more ) After an upright posture is assumed 

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23
Q

Preload 

A

Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole 

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24
Q

Pulmonary vascular resistance

A

Resistance to blood flow out of the right ventricle, created by the pulmonary circulatory system

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25
Q

Pulse deficit

A

The difference between the apical and radial pulse rate

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26
Q

Radio isotopes

A

Unstable atoms that give off small amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays as they decay; used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies

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27
Q

Repolarization

A

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits, the cell

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28
Q

S1

A

The first heart sound produced by closure of the atrioventricular (Mitral and tricuspid ) Valves 

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29
Q

S2

A

The second heart sound produced by the closure of the semi lunar (Aortic and pulmonic) valves

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30
Q

S3

A

An abnormal heart sound detected, early in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering, either ventricle; most often due to volume overload associated with heart failure

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31
Q

S4

A

An abnormal heart sound detected, late in diastole as resistance is met to blood, entering, either ventricle during atrial contraction; most often caused by hyper trophy of the ventricle

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32
Q

Sino atrial node SA

A

Primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium

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33
Q

Stroke, volume

A

Amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat

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34
Q

Summation gallop

A

Abnormal sound created by the presence of an S3 and S4 during periods of tachycardia

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35
Q

Systematic vascular resistance

A

Resistance to blood flow out of the left ventricle, created by the systemic circulatory system

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36
Q

Systole

A

Period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles in the pulmonary artery and aorta

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37
Q

Systolic click

A

Abnormal systolic sound created by the opening of a calcified, aortic or polemic valve during ventricular contraction

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38
Q

Telemetry 

A

The process of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring by the transmission of radio waves from a battery operated transmitter worn by the patient

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39
Q

Ablation

A

Purposeful destruction of heart muscle cells, usually in an attempt to correct or eliminate an arrhythmia

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40
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Disorder of the formation or conduction ( or both ) Of the electrical impulse within the heart, altering the heart rate, heart rhythm, or both, and potentially causing, altered blood flow; also referred to as dysrhythmia 

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41
Q

Artifact

A

Distorted, irrelevant, and extraneous electrocardiographic ECG, wave forms

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42
Q

Automaticity

A

Ability of the cardiac cells to initiate an electrical impulse

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43
Q

Cardiac resynchronization therapy, CRT

A

Biventricular pacing, used to correct interventricular, intraventricular, and atrioventricular conduction disturbances that occur in patients with heart failure

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44
Q

Cardioversion

A

Electrical current given in synchrony with the patient’s own QRS complex to stop an arrhythmia

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45
Q

Chronotropy

A

The rate of impulse formation

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46
Q

Conduction

A

Transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another

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47
Q

Defibrillation

A

Electrical current given to stop an arrhythmia, not synchronized with the patients QRS complex 

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48
Q

Depolarization

A

Process by which cardiac muscle cells change from a more negatively charged to more positively charged intracellular state

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49
Q

Dromotropy

A

Conduction velocity

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50
Q

Electrocardiogram ECG

A

A record of a test that graphically measures the electrical activity of the heart, including each phase of the cardiac cycle

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51
Q

Implantable, cardioverter, defibrillator,ICD

A

A device implanted into the chest wall to treat arrhythmias

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52
Q

Inotropy

A

Force of myocardial contraction

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53
Q

P-wave

A

The part of an ECG, that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization

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54
Q

Paroxysmal

A

Arrhythmia that has a sudden onset and terminates spontaneously; usually of short duration, but may reoccur

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55
Q

PP interval 

A

The duration between the beginning of one P-wave, and the beginning of the next P-wave; used to calculate atrial rate and rhythm

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56
Q

PR interval

A

The part of an ECG, that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse from the sinoatrial node through the atrioventricular node

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57
Q

QRS complex

A

The part of an ECG, that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the ventricles; ventricular depolarization

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58
Q

QT interval

A

The part of an ECG, that reflects the time from ventricular depolarization through repolarization

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59
Q

Repolarization

A

Process by which cardiac muscle cells return to a more negatively charged intracellular condition, their resting state

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60
Q

Sinus rhythm

A

Electrical activity of the heart initiated by the Sino atrial node

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61
Q

ST segment

A

The part of an ECG, that reflects the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T-wave

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62
Q

T wave

A

The part of an ECG that reflects the repolarization of the ventricles

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63
Q

TP interval

A

The part of an ECG that reflects the time between the end of the T wave in the beginning of the next P-wave; used to identify the isoelectric line

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64
Q

U wave

A

The part of an ECG that may reflect Purkinje fibers repolarization. Usually, it is not seen unless a patients serum. Potassium level is low

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65
Q

Acute coronary syndrome, ACS

A

Signs and symptoms that indicate unstable angina or a cute myocardial infarction

66
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain brought about by myocardial ischemia

67
Q

Artheroma

A

Fibrous cap, composed of smooth muscle cells, that forms over, lipid deposits within arterial vessels, and protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing the lumen, and obstructing blood flow; also called plaque

68
Q

Atherosclerosis 

A

Abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits, and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and the lumen

69
Q

Contractility 

A

Ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse

70
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft, CABG

A

A surgical procedure in which a blood vessel, from another part of the body is grafted onto the included coronary artery below the inclusion in such a way that blood flow bypasses the blockage

71
Q

High density lipoprotein HDL

A

A protein bound, lipid that transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile; composed of a higher proportion of protein to lipid than low density lipoprotein; exerts a beneficial effect on the atrial wall

72
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

A cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

73
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow

74
Q

Percutaneous, coronary intervention, PCI

A

A procedure in which a catheter is placed in a coronary artery, and one of several methods employed to reduce blockage within the artery

75
Q

Percutaneous transluminal Coronary angioplasty PTCA

A

A type of percutaneous coronary intervention in which a balloon is inflated within a coronary artery to break an atheroma and open the vessel lumen, improving coronary artery, bloodflow

76
Q

Stent

A

A metal mesh that provide structural support to a coronary vessel, preventing its closure

77
Q

Sudden, cardiac death

A

Abrupt cessation of affective heart activity

78
Q

Thrombolytic

A

Pharmacologic agent that breaks down blood clot; alternately referred to as a fibrinolytic

79
Q

Troponin

A

A cardiac muscle biomarker; measurement is used as an indicator of heart muscle injury

80
Q

Disorders with increased pulmonary bloodflow

A

Patent ductus arteriosus PDA
Atrial septal defect ASD
Ventricular septal defect VSD

Increased fatigue, heart murmur, increased risk for endocarditis, congestive heart failure, growth, retardation

81
Q

Obstructive disorders

A

coarctation if the aorta
Pulmonary stenosis

82
Q

Disorders with decreased pulmonary bloodflow and mixed defects

A

Tetralogy of fallot
Truncus arteriosus
Transposition of the great vessels
Tricuspid Atresia

83
Q

Mixed defects

A

Transposition of great vessels TGV
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Truncus Arterious
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 

84
Q

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

Consists of three features
Hemolytic, anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Acute renal failure 

85
Q

Left to right shunt

A

Normally blood flows from the higher pressure left side of the heart, the lower pressure right side of the heart

Left to right shunt equals acyanotic heart defect 

86
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Overriding aorta
Ventricular septal defect
Thickening of right ventricle wall 

87
Q

TET Spell intervention

A

Calm baby
Knee to chest position
100% oxygen
Morphine IM SC IV
IV fluids, to prevent CVA
Beta blockers 

88
Q

Digitalis toxicity

A

Nausea, vomiting, bradycardia
Therapeutic range 0.8 to 2.0 NG per milliliter. 

Monitor labs for serum, digitoxin level, potassium, magnesium chloride, and calcium

89
Q

Bacteriuria

A

Bacteria in the urine

90
Q

Catheter associated urinary tract infection CAUTI 

A

A urinary tract infection associated with indwelling urinary catheter

91
Q

Cystecomy

A

Surgical remover of the urinary bladder

92
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

93
Q

Functional incontinence

A

Involuntary loss of urine due to physical or cognitive impairment

94
Q

Introgenic incontinence

A

Involuntary loss of Urine due to extrinsic medical factors

95
Q

Ileal conduit

A

A transplantation of the ureters to an isolated section of the terminal ileum, with one end of the ureter is brought to the abdominal wall

96
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder wall that eventually causes disintegration of the lining and loss of bladder elasticities

97
Q

Micturition

A

Voiding or urination

98
Q

Mixed incontinence

A

Involuntary urinary leakage associated with urgency, and also with exertion, effort, sneezing, or coughing

99
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

Bladder dysfunction that results from a disorder or dysfunction of the nervous system and leads to urinary incontinence

100
Q

Nocturia

A

Awakening at night to urinate

101
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Involuntary Urine lossassociated with overdistention of the bladder

102
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate gland

103
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

104
Q

Pyuria

A

White blood cells in the urine

105
Q

Residual urine

A

Urine that remains in the bladder after voiding

106
Q

Stress incontinence

A

Involuntary loss of urine through an intact urethra as a result of exertion, sneezing, coughing, are changing position

107
Q

Superapubic catheter

A

A urinary catheter that is inserted through a superpubic incision into the bladder

108
Q

Ureterovesical or vesicoureteral reflex

A

Backward flow of urine from the bladder into one or both ureters

109
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

110
Q

Urethrovesical reflex

A

An obstruction of free-flowing urine leading to the reflux of urine from the urethra into the bladder

111
Q

Urge incontinence

A

Involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong urge to void that cannot be suppressed

112
Q

Urinary frequency

A

Voiding more often than every three hours

113
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

Unplanned, involuntary, or uncontrolled loss of urine from the bladder

114
Q

Urosepsis

A

Spread of infection from the urinary tract to the bloodstream that results in a systematic infection

115
Q

Treatment for myocardial infarction

A

Supplemental oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Morphine
Aspirin 

116
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone synthesized in released by the adrenal cortex; causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium

117
Q

Antidiuretic hormone, ADH

A

Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water synonym vasopressin

118
Q

Anurea

A

Decreased urine output of less than 50 mL in 24 hours

119
Q

Bacteriuria

A

Bacteria in the urine

120
Q

Creatine

A

Endogenous waste product of muscle energy, muscle energy Metabolism 

121
Q

Diuresis

A

Increased Urine volume

122
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful or difficult urination

123
Q

Erythropoietin 

A

Glycoprotein produced by kidney; stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells

124
Q

Globular filtration rate GFR

A

Amount of plasma filtered through the glomeruli per unit of time

125
Q

Glomerulus

A

Tuft of capillaries, forming part of the nephron, through which filtration occurs

126
Q

Glycosuria

A

Excretion of glucose in the urine

127
Q

Hematurea

A

Red blood cells, in the urine 

128
Q

Micturition

A

Urination or avoiding

129
Q

Nephrons

A

Structural and functional units of the kidney responsible for your information

130
Q

Nocturia

A

Awakening at night to urinate

131
Q

Oliguria

A

Urine output less than 400 mL in 24 hours or less than .5 mL per kilogram per hour over six hours.

132
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein in the urine

133
Q

Pyuria

A

White blood cells in the urine

134
Q

Renal clearance

A

Ability of the kidney to clear solutes from the plasma

135
Q

Specific gravity

A

Expression of the degree of concentration of the urine

136
Q

Urea nitrogen

A

End product of protein metabolism

137
Q

Urinary frequency

A

Voiding more frequently than every three hours

138
Q

Androgen deprivation therapy 

A

Surgical or medical castration

139
Q

Benign prosthetic hyperplasia BPH

A

Noncancerous enlargement or hypertrophy of the prostate; the most common pathologic condition of older man

140
Q

Brachytherapy

A

Delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants, and placed inside or adjacent to a tumor

141
Q

Circumcision

A

Excursion of the foreskin or prepuce of the glans penis

142
Q

Cystotomy

A

Surgical creation of an opening into the urinary bladder

143
Q

Epididymistis

A

Infection of the epididymis, that usually descends from an infected prostate or urinary tract; also may develop as a complication of gonorrhea, chlamydia, or E. coli

144
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

The inability to either achieve, or maintain an erection sufficient to accomplish sexual intercourse

145
Q

Hydrocele

A

A collection of fluid, generally, in tunica vaginalis of a testes, although it may collect within the spermatic cord

146
Q

Orchiectomy

A

Surgical removal of one or both testes

147
Q

Orchitis 

A

Acute inflammation of the testes caused by pyogenic, viral, spirochetal, Dramatic, chemical, or unknown factors

148
Q

Phimosis

A

Condition in which the foreskin is constricted, so that it cannot be retracted over the gland; can occur congenitally are from inflammation and edema

149
Q

Priapism

A

An uncontrolled, persistent erection of the penis, from either neutral or vascular causes, including medication’s, sickle cell, thrombosis, leukemia, cell, infiltration, spinal cord, tumors, and tumor invasion of the penis or its vessels

150
Q

Prostateectomy

A

Surgical removal of the entire prostate the prostate urethra, and the attached seminal vesicles plus the ampulla of the vas deferens

151
Q

Prostate specific antigen PSA

A

Substance that is produced by the prostate gland; it is used in combination with digital rectal examination to screen for prostate cancer

152
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate gland caused by infectious agents are various other problems

153
Q

Retrograde ejaculation

A

During ejaculation semen travels to the urinary bladder instead of exiting through the penis

154
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of sperm in the testes

155
Q

Testosterone

A

Male, sex hormone, secreted by the testes; Produces and preserves the male sex characteristics

156
Q

Transurethral resection of the prostate TURP

A

Resection of the prostate through endoscopy; surgical and optical instrument is introduced directly through the urethra to the prostate, and the glands that are removed and small chips with an electrical cutting loop

157
Q

Varicocele

A

An abnormal dilation of the veins of the pampiniform Venous plexus in the scrotum, the testes and the epididymis, which constitute part of the spermatic cord 

158
Q

Vasectomy

A

Location and transaction of part of the vas deferens with or without removal of a segment to the vast to prevent the passage of sperm from the testes

159
Q

Nursing process interventions, UTI

160
Q

Nursing process interventions, UTI 2

161
Q

Patient education and urinary incontinence

162
Q

Renal calculi

Nur201 (11 decks)

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