Test 4 Flashcards
What are the factors of physical development in middle childhood?
- Growth patterns
- Nutrition
- Vision and hearing
- Motor development
- Physical fitness
- Accidents
What are the growth patterns?
- Nutrition and growth
- Overweight
What are the developments in nutrition and growth?
- Teeth development (lose teeth and ortho)
- Slow and steady growth yet body weight doubles and eat more than preschoolers
- Healthy nutrition coninues to be a challenge (too much sugar, salt, fat and oversized portions and less active)
- Sex differences: boys are slightly taller/heavier until 10, then girls start growth spurt)
What are the developments in overweight/obesity?
- Childhood obesity tripled since 1980s
- 30% of children are overweight
- Poor diet and sedentary (screen time)
What are the consequences to being overweight?
Health risks:
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Asthma
Emotional risks:
- Self-esteem
- Rejection
What is the importance of breakfast and lunch (nutrition)?
- Children need to eat breakfast before school or risk increase illnesses, decrease grades, moody, sleepy
- School lunches: No junk in vending or cafeteria, school lunch guidelines
What are the developments in vision and hearing?
- Growth of eustachian tube reduces ear infections
- Myopia (nearsightedness) occurs in approximately 29% of school age children
- Both heredity and environment contribute to myopia
What are the recommended hours for children to be on electronic devices per day?
- 0-2 years: 0 hours
- 3-9 years: 1 hour
- 10-18 years: 2 hours
What are the risks to too much screen time?
- Delayed development:
- physical restriction
- cognitive, attention, memory, literacy decrease
- impulsivity increase, emotion regulation decrease
- Obesity
- Sleep deprivation
- Mental illness:
- depression, anxiety, ADHD, attachment, autism, bipolar, psychosis, behaviour problem
- Aggression
- Addiction
- Radiation
- Unsustainable
What are the gross motor developments?
- Improvement
- Balance, coordination, strength
- Muscles grow
- Myelination of connections between cerebellum and cortex
- Reaction time improves
What are the fine motor developments?
- Improvement of existing skills (dress, wash, eat)
- New skill development: writing, typing, arts and crafts, musical instruments
What are the physical fitness developments?
- Nearly 40% of Canadian youth 5-17 years old meet physical activity target
- 60 minutes moderate-to-vigorous activity per day
- Many elementary schools in Canada do not include physical activity (or not enough) into the daily routine
- Families can encourage fitness by doing activities together
- 2 hours max of screen time per day
- Participating in sports
What are the benefits of participating in sports?
- Sports are good for whole child: physical skill and fitness, cognitive skills (strategies, planning, memory…), social/emotional skills (teamwork…)
- Coaches should be positive and have realistic expectations, parents too
What are the factors that influence participation in sports?
- Gender
- Age
- Household income
- Parental education
- Parental involvement in sports
- Geography
- Immigrant status of parents
What is the role of accidents?
Because children in the middle years are more mobile and more independent, they’re at greater risk for injury than preschool children.
- Common under 20 years: falls (most common), car accidents as passenger or pedestrian, bike accidents, near drownings
- Parents can help: good role models (seat belt, bike helmet), being realistic about child’s abilities, supervision
- Community and school programs
What are the factors of cognitive development in middle childhood?
- Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
- Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory
- Attention and memory
- Intellectual development
- Disabilities/differing abilities
- Language and literacy
What is Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage?
- Logic
- Conservation: children recognize shapes, no more conservation errors
- Transivity: If A is bigger than B and B is bigger than C than A is bigger than C
- Seriation: putting things in order like big to small or dark to light
What are the levels in Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory?
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
What are the stages in the preconventional level?
- Obedience and punishment (obedient to avoid punishment
- Future favours (satisfy their needs or others)
What are the stages in the conventional level?
- Social approval (good to meet others expectations
- Law and order
What are the stages in the postconventional level?
- Legalistic
- Universal ethical principles
What are the developments in attention and memory?
- Selective attention improves as does paying attention to multiple aspects of a situation (leading to less conservation errors)
- Short term memory is similar to adult levels in organization and strategies
- Long term memory improves in organization and knowledge increases in capacity
What are the factors of intellectual development?
- Types
- Measurement
What are the types/theories of intellectual development/intelligence?
- Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
- Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence
What is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
More than one kind of intelligent and more than academic ability.
- Linguistic intelligence
- Logical-mathematical intelligence
- Spatial intelligence
- Musical intelligence
- Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (dancers, gymnasts)
- Interpersonal intelligence (empathy, relate to others)
- Intrapersonal intelligence (personal knowledge, self insight)
- Naturalistic intelligence
- Existential intelligence
What is Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence?
- Understand and regulate one’s own emotions
- Understand and help others to regulate their emotions
How is intelligence measured?
- Alfred Binet
- Goddard and Terman
- Weschler’s Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III)
What is Alfred Binet’s measuring intelligence?
- Hired by french government
- Normal vs inferior
- Special schools for inferior
- Low IQ indicates a need for more teaching not inability to learn
- Binet didn’t believe it measured intelligence
- Feared of labelling children’s worth
What is Goddadrd and Treman’s measuring intelligence?
- USA
- Revised Binet’s IQ test
- Normal, moron, idiot, imbecile
- Intelligence is hereditary and fixed
- Intelligence can be measured
- Used results to restrict from schools and country
What is Weschler’s Intelligence Scale for Children?
Made up of IQ subtests in two categories: performance and visual.
- Picture completion
- Information
- Coding
- Similarities
- Picture arrangement
- Arithmetic
- Block design
- Vocabulary
- Object assembly
- Comprehension
- Symbol search
- Digit span
- Mazes
What is the picture completion subtest?
- Category: Performance
- Task: Child identifies what is missing from pictures
- Skill: Visual search, attention to essential detail, long term memory
- Example: Pencil picture
What is the information subtest?
- Category: Verbal
- Task: Child orally responds to series of questions about events, objects, places and people
- Skill: Knowledge (long term memory)
- Example: What do you call this (point to nose)
What is the coding subtest?
- Category: Performance
- Task: Child copies simple symbols that are paired with simple geometric shapes
- Skill: Visual motor coordination, attention, short term memory
- Example: Draw one vertical line inside all circles
What is the similarities subtest?
- Category: Verbal
- Task: Child orally describes how two things are alike
- Skill: Abstract reasoning, categories, long term memory
- Example: How are red and blue alike
What is the picture arrangement subtest?
- Category: Performance
- Task: Child places pictures in their proper order
- Skill: Sequential, logical thinking
- Example: Lady drinking can of pop
What is the arithmetic subtest?
- Category: Verbal
- Task: Child solves mental math problems
- Skill: Attention, short term memory, math and spatial mental operations
- Example: Count the number of birds
What is the block design subtest?
- Category: Performance
- Task: Child reproduces images with block manipulation
- Skill: Spatial, fine motor
- Example: Red and white designs
What is the vocabulary subtest?
- Category: Verbal
- Task: Child orally defines words
- Skill: Word knowledge (long term memory)
- Example: What is a clock
What is the object assembly subtest?
- Category: Performance
- Task: Child completes puzzle
- Skill: Spatial, fine motor
- Example: Apple puzzle
What is the comprehension subtest?
- Category: Verbal
- Task: Child orally responds to questions about commonplace problems and social rules
- Skill: Common sense, social and moral judgment
- Example: What should you do if you find an unopened letter with a new stamp on it?
What is the symbol search subtest?
- Category: Performance
- Task: Child searches for visual target symbols
- Skill: Visual search, attention to essential detail, short term memory
- Example: Find (]+
What is the digit span subtest?
- Category: Verbal
- Task: Child orally repeats a series of digits either forward or backward
- Skill: Short term memory, attention
- Example: Repeat after me 2 7 5 8 3
What is the mazes subtest?
- Category: Performance
- Task: Child draws their way through a maze
- Skill: Fine motor coordination, visual spatial planning
- Example: mazes
Why use intelligence tests?
- To identify learning difficulties (cognitive problems)
- Home troubles
What are the testing issues in measuring intelligence?
- Cultural bias
- Updating tests
What is the nature and nurture of intelligence?
- Twin and adoption studies (twins have very similar intelligence)
- Enriched vs deprived environments
What are the disabilities/differing abilities?
- ADHD
- Learning disabilities (dyslexia)
- Classroom inclusion
What is ADHD?
Causes:
- Genetics, brain chemistry, executive control (frontal lobe)
Treatment:
- Operant conditioning (behaviour modification)
- CBT to change negative thinking
Sex differences:
- Boys: hyperactive, lack of focus
- Girls: talkative, risk taking, nosiness, worrying, poor self esteem, perfectionism
What are the cause of dyslexia?
- Genetics
- Left hemisphere neurological/circulation problems
What are the developments in language and literacy?
- Vocabulary and grammar improves
- Reading involves perception (vision and audition), cognition, linguistic
- Early exposure important
What are the factors of social/emotional development in middle childhood?
- Self concept
- Self esteem
- The (modern) family
- Peers
- Friends
- Bullying
- Social and emotional problems
What is self concept?
- External traits (height, weight…)
- Internal traits (good at math…)
- Social relationships/group membership
What is self esteem?
Many areas:
- Athletics
- Appearance
- Academics
- Peer relationships (accepted or rejected)
- Parent relationships and parenting style
Self esteem declines steadily - lowest at 12/13 years:
- Puberty
- School
- Compared to peers
Technology and social media:
- Likes and dislikes
- Comments
- Acceptance/bullying
- Comparing
What is the (modern) family?
- Parent child relationship
- Same sex parents
- Divorce
- Family structure
- Working parents
What makes up the parent child relationship?
- School, work, chores, peers
- Less supervision (make sure it’s not zero but more freedom)
- Co-regulation (discussions, give and take)
Child is becoming more independent and parents expect more responsibility.
What are the outcomes of same sex parents?
- Legalization of fay marriage in Canada 2005
- Number has tripled from 2006-2011
- Psychological adjustment of kids same as kids with heterosexual parents
- Gender identity and sexual orientation is not a function of parents’ sexuality (child’s gender and orientation is not based on or influenced by parents)
What are the (correlational) risk factors or causes of divorce?
- Low income, financial problems
- Age when married (younger higher risk)
- Little religious affiliation (some people choose not to divorce because of their religion)
- Little education (means more financial struggles?)
- Parental divorce
What are some less common family structures?
- Step parents and blended families
- Single parents
- Grandparents as primary caregivers
What are the outcomes of working parents?
Not harmful to children, not about whether parents work but quality of relationship.
More important factors that may negatively affect children:
- Family income
- Parental education
- Quality of parent child relationship
What are peers?
- Friendships
- Peer acceptance (popular vs cool)
- Peer rejection (withdrawn-rejected vs aggressive rejected)
- Bullying (elementary school, mostly put on parents to deal with)
What are friends?
- Trustworthy, loyal, mutual understanding, disclosure
- Shared interests
- Sex segregation
What are the key elements to bullying?
- Intent to harm
- Repeated
- Imbalance of power
- Victim’s distress
What are the consequences of being bullied?
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Withdrawl
- School refusal
- Somatization
What are the consequences of being a bully?
- Conduct disorder
- Aggression
- Dating violence
- Sexual harassment
- Academic problems
- Anxiety
What is the role of school?
Schools tend to focus on the cognitive skills but should also focus on physical and emotional needs, creating a safe and respectful environment.
- Teacher influences
- Teacher expectations
- Sexism in the classroom
What are teacher influences?
- Manage class
- Available
- Warm atmosphere
- Ensure mastering of content
What are teacher expectations?
- Teachers who expect less may “find what they are looking for”
What is sexism in the classroom?
- Boys dominate the classroom communication
- Male and female teachers accept calling out from boys and reprimand girls as it is “unladylike”
What are the social and emotional problems children suffer from?
- Depression (5-9%)
- Anxiety (4%)
- Separation anxiety disorder (3-5%)
- Conduct disorder (2-9%)
Why do kids have more emotional problems than ever before?
Might be because of the pressure on kids to do well.
What are the developmental theories?
- Bandura’s Social Cognitive (reinforcement and modelling)
- Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority (focus on skills but compare to others)
- Piaget’s Cognitive Concrete Operational Stage (less egocentric, other perspectives)
Pixar clip about bullying
- JJ was bullies as a kid (his toy was taken) then he became the bully (taking away others toys
- He needs to return the toys he took to get his back (like punishment and reward)
- He ends up liking it and gives back everything that was in the lost and found
- Now he has friends (girl hugs, boy play ball)
- Fosters theory of mind: perspective, putting self in others shoes
- Developing morals, what is right
- Can increase happiness when help others
- Acting out to get attention, learn its better to get attention from being nice
- Conflict resolution
- Sense of pride (complex emotion), thumbs up
