Test 2 Flashcards
What are the features of human growth?
- Cephalocaudal principle (baby’s head is big)
- Muscles become longer and thicker
- A layer of fat is added during the first year
- Cartilage is slowly replaced by bone
What is average vs. normal?
Average is the middle and normal is the range.
18 month girls average 24 lbs (normal between 20-28)
What are the mechanisms of physical growth?
- Heredity influences adult height
- The pituitary gland secretes hormone growth
- Nutrition is particularly important during infancy when growth is rapid
- Breastfeeding
- At 2 years, growth slows and kids become picky eaters
Why is breastfeeding best for the baby?
- Sterile
- Temperature
- Vitamins
- Digestion
- Immunity (antibodies from mom)
- Bond with mom
- Less taste fussiness
- Weight management
- Cognitive development
Why is breastfeeding best for the mom?
- Free
- Quick
- Easy
- Decreases breast/ovarian cancer risk
- Strength of bones (decreases osteoporosis risk)
- Pre-pregnancy weight faster
What are the challenges to healthy growth?
- Malnutrition
- Many diseases preventable (vaccines, improved healthcare, lifestyle)
- Failure to thrive (baby is not growing)
- Shaken baby syndrome
- Sudden infant death syndrome
- Accidents
What are the greater risks for SIDS?
- Teenage pregnancy
- Low birth weight
- Premature
- Poor prenatal care
- Males
- 2-4 months old
What can be done to decrease post-natal risks?
- Remove bedding and crib borders
- No smoking
- Do breastfeeding
- Remove mold
- Back to sleep
- After 1 year: childproofing
What is the number one cause of death after age 1?
Accidents
What makes up the cerebral cortex?
- Frontal lobes: personality, plans, emotion, motor, impulse control
- Parietal lobes: somatosensory
- Temporal lobes: hearing
- Occipital lobes: vision
What are the hemispheric specilizations?
- Left hemisphere: language
- Right hemisphere: spatial
What is apart of the developing brain?
- Neuron production begins at 10 weeks after conception
- At 28 weeks, fetus has all neurons it will ever have
- Born with 100 billion neurons
- Brain regions specialize early but continue throughout childhood
- Myelination
- Flexible or neuroplastic brain organization
What are the reflexes?
- Rooting (survival)
- Suck (survival)
- Moro
- Palmar (foundation for later motor behaviour)
- Stepping (foundation for later motor behaviour)
- Babinski
- Tonic-neck
- Breathing
- Blinking (protect)
- Withdrawl (protect)
What is the rooting reflex?
- Baby turns head/mouth toward a touch on cheek/chin/mouth
- Important for locating mother’s nipple in preparation for sucking
What is the moro reflex?
- Startle reflex
- Back arches and legs and arms are flung out and then brought back toward chest, with arms in a hugging motion
- Lose support or loud noise causes this reflex
What is the palmar reflex?
- Reflexively grasp fingers or other objects pressed against palms of hands; use four fingers (no thumbs)
- Precursor to voluntary grasping
What is the stepping reflex?
- Feet reflexively press down on surface when held upright (and thereafter lift up)
- Precursor to voluntary walking
What is the babinski reflex?
- Toes are fanned/spread when underside of foot stroked
What is the tonic-neck reflec?
- When on its back and turns head to one side - arm and leg on the side extend, while limbs on opposite side flex
- Helps baby in rolling later
What are gross motor skills?
Large body movements:
- Lift head
- Lift chest
- Support head
- Roll
- Sit
- Crawl
- Stand with support
- Walk
- Kick
What are fine motor skills?
Small movements of hands and fingers:
- Skills: from first to fingers
- Behaviours (toys, eating, colouring, dressing)
- Age appropriate tools (eating, writing, clothing)
What are the skills: from fist to finger (the fine motor skills)?
- Hold and grasp
- Reach and manipulate
- Thumbs and pincer grasp
- Stack blocks
What is maturation vs experience with motor skils?
Nature:
- Biological maturation (muscles)
- Genes
- Internal motivation (part of temperament, biological disposition, personality)
Nurture:
- External motivation (siblings, parents)
- Opportunity
- Culture
What is the most advanced of all senses at birth?
Touch
How does smell mature?
- React positively to pleasant smalls and negatively to unpleasant ones
- Can recognize mom’s milk
How does taste mature?
- Differentiate salty, sour, bitter, sweet
- Prefer sweet (breastmilk)
How does hearing mature?
- 7-8 month old fetus can hear
- Inferior to adults: Threshold (lowest sound to just detect) is higher for infants (need louder sounds)
- More likely to respond to high pitch
- More likely to sooth with quiet pitch
- Superior to adults: distinguish different sounds in any language
How does vision mature?
- Least mature at birth
- Newborns see at 6 meters what normal adults see at 60-120 meters (just right to see mom/dad face)
- No peripheral vision at birth
- Colour by 4 months
- Depth by 8 months
- Like adults by 1 year
- Experience necessary
When do infants integrate sensory information?
- By 1 month, can integrate sight and touch (put soother in mouth without seeing it)
- By 4 months, can integrate sight and sound
- By 4-7 months, can match facial appearance (boy or man) with sound of voice
What is dynamic perception?
- Focus on movement and change
- Attention period/span is not long
What are the basic principles of Piaget’s theory?
- Schemas
- Assimilation
- Accommodation
- Deferred imitation
- Object permanence
What are schemas?
Categories of experience (shape, colour, sound, outcome).
What is assimilation?
Incorporate new experiences into existing schemas.
What is accommodation?
Change schemas based on experience.
What is deferred imitation?
Sees something, then imitates later instead of right away.
What is object permanence?
Object is still there if it’s not seen/heard (8-12 months).
What are Piaget’s sensorimotor stages?
- Simple reflexes (birth-1 month)
- Primary circular reactions (1-4): coordinate 2 actions, manipulate their body
- Secondary circular reactions (4-8): repeat pleasing actions on objects outside the body
- Coordination of secondary schemas (8-12): more purposeful actions, two steps, move object to reach another
- Tertiary circular reactions (12-18): old actions on other objects, throw spaghetti like ball
- Invention of new means through mental representations (18-24): think before or without action, make believe play, knows consequences
What is memory in infants?
- Babies remember, forget, and can be prompted to recall forgotten material
- Sounds match animals, people, actions
- Infantile amnesia: inability to remember events from early in life
- Immature brain development
- Don’t have language to talk about memories
- Don’t have sense of self
How do infants understand the world?
- Distinguish small quantities (beginnings of math)
- Egocentric frame of mind: only their view exists, can’t understand other perspectives
What are the first steps to speaking?
- Cry (newborn)
- Cooing: gurgling, ooo (2 months)
- Babbling: ma, pa, ba (6 months)
- Words (12 months)
- Two-word sentences (18 months)
- Multi-word sentences (24 months)
What is referential vs expressive language style?
Referential: this is a ball, this is a balloon
Expressive: emotions
What is the naming explosion?
- 18-22 months
- Catch on to words quickly
- Hear once and repeatq\
What are holophrases?
- Single word = phrase
- The way they express the word gives it meaning
What are underextensions?
Apply word too narrowly (only the family dog is a dog).
What are overextensions?
Overgeneralize a word (all 4 legged animals are dogs).
What is the nature vs nurture of language theories?
Nature:
- Sensitive to subtle differences in languages at birth, lose over time
- Sensitive period to develop language at all, brain is especially capable of learning language (18-puberty)
- Bilingual +
- Early deprivation
Nurture:
- Social cognitive theory
- Operant conditioning (behaviourism)
- Motherese (the way we interact with babies)
What are the characteristics of motherese?
- Slow, high pitch
- Brief sentences
- Simple grammar
- Keywords at end of sentences and high/louder
- Y added to words
- Repetition
- Reduplication
- Concrete vocabulary (tiger is big kitty)
- Overdescribed (kitty cat)
- Speak for child (we want to…)
What is attachment?
- Bonds that endure
- Emotional bond between one animal/person and another
- Develops as a result of quality of care )affectionate, cooperative, reliable, predictable, timely care of needs)
How do we explain attachment?
- Psychosocial theory: trust vs mistrust
- Psychosexual theory: oral gratification
- Operant conditioning: consequences
- Cognitive theory: object permanence
- Ethological theory: survival value
What is the ethological theory of attachment?
- Bowlby
- Infants programmed to get attention, love, and protection: cry, vocalize, interest in faces, social smile (2-3), separation anxiety)
- Critical period
What is the Harlow and Harlow attachment experiment?
- Wire mother with bottle: monkeys only go to this mom when they need food
- Soft cloth mother: monkeys go to her when they are afraid, lonely, to cuddle, everything else
- When monkey is reintroduced to others, it can’t socialize
What is Ainsworth’s attachment study?
Looking at babies emotional response to mom leaving and coming back.
What are the types of attachments?
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Anxious-ambivalent
- Disorganized-disorientated
What is secure attachment?
- Healthy
- Leaves: mild/no distress
- Returns: goes to mom, happy, missed her
What is avoidant attachment?
- Insecure/unhealthy
- Leaves: indifferent
- Returns: ignore
What is anxious-ambivalent attachment?
- Insecure/unhealthy
- Leaves: severe distress
- Returns: ambivalent, clings and pushes away
What is disorganized-disoriented attachment?
- Insecure/unhealthy
- Leaves: confused
- Returns: dazed and contradictory behaviours, go to mom but don’t look at her
What is the importance of the quality of attachments?
- Secure attachments in infancy predict secure attachments in later relationships
- Role of fathers (should be same as mom)
- Adoption (secure attachment vs reactive attachment disorder-deprives, abuse)
- High quality daycare
What are the features of a high quality daycare?
- Qualified educators
- Low child-educator ratios
- Stimulates all three domains: physical (safety, nutrition, gross and fine motor play), cognitive (language, make believe play, mini scientists), and social/personality (interactions with peers, sharing and conflict resolution, complex emotions)
What happens when attachment does not develop?
- Social deprivation
- Child maltreatment
- Autism spectrum disorders
What is social deprivation?
- Harlow and Harlow
- Avoided contact and cowered
- Isolated females later ignored or abused their offspring
What is child maltreatement?
- Abuse
- Neglect
- Spanking
What are basic emotions?
- Happy, sad, anger, fear (birth-6)
- Social smiles (2-3)
- Stranger anxiety (6-9)
- Separation anxiety (8) (object permanence necessary
- They are universal
What are complex emotions?
- Guilt, embarrassment, pride, shame (18-24)
- Cognitive development and understanding self
What is social referencing?
In unfamiliar or ambiguous environment, babies match their own emotions to other’s.
How do babies regulate emotions?
- Begins in infancy
- Look away (from unpleasant things)
- Develop more effective strategies with age (self-talk)
- Genetics and parenting
What are the types of play?
- Nonsocial
- Parallel
- Simple social
- Cooperative
What is nonsocial play?
Plays alone or watches others (6).
What is parallel play?
Plays alone but near and interested in others, talk, smile (12).
What is simple social play?
Similar activities, talk, smile, exchange toys (15-18).
What is cooperative play?
Themes, roles, alternative roles (24).
What are babies concept of the self?
- Know they exist by 2 years old
- Recognize themselves in the mirror
- Language of I, me, mine
- Know their age and gender
What is temperment?
- Consistent mood and behaviour
- 3 dimensions: emotionality, activity, sociability
- Personality
What are the types of temperment?
- Easy: cheerful, regular sleep/eat, approach new situations enthusiastically, adapts easily to change
- Difficult: Irregular sleep/eat, slow to accept new people/situations, long time to adjust to change, tantrums/crying
- Slow to warm up: between the two
What are causes of temperament?
- Biological theory: twin studies support genetics
- Learning theory-modeling: paren’t negative temperament
- Learning theory-operant conditioning: reward/punishment at home and daycare
- Contextual theory: experiences (daycare, activities)
- Freud’s personality theory: ego
What is the stability of temperament?
- Active fetus is more likely to be a difficult infant
- Newborns who cry under moderate stress tend to react same when 5 months
- Quite stable throughout infancy and preschool years
What does temperament influence?
- School success
- Peer interactions
- Parent-child relationship/attachment
What are sex differences?
- Behaviour of boys vs girls (girls greater than boys in motor only).
- Socialization of gender
