Test 3 Flashcards
What are the factors of physical development in early childhood?
- Growth patterns
- Motor development
- Nutrition
- Illnesses
- Sleep patterns and disorders
- Elimination disorders
What are the growth patterns in weight and height?
- Growth slows and is more stable
- Loss of fat and changing proportions
- Cartilage continues to turn to bone
What are the growth patterns of the brain?
- Rapid growth in size
- Continuing myelination of neurons and specialization
- Left vs right brain (use both)
- Plasticity (brain’s ability to change/adapt)
What are the growth patterns of the teeth?
- 20 primary teeth by the age of 3
- Tooth fairy (ages 5-6)
What are the motor development patterns?
- Gross motor skills improve (run, skip, throw, sports)
- Fine motor skills improve (drawings: from scribbles to shapes to multi-shape designs, dominant handedness is established: 12% lefty)
- Physical activity begins to decline after 2 or 3 years
- Gender differences
What are the gender differences in motor skills?
Boys:
- Muscular
- Active
- Running
- Throwing
Girls:
- Balancing
- Hopping
- Skipping
- Fine motor skill (more precise)
What are the possible challenges to left-handedness?
- Health: high blood pressure, epilepsy
- Language-based problems
What are the possible strengths to left-handedness?
- Math
- Musical and artistic
- Athletics
What is nutrition?
- Picky eaters (need less calories per kg)
- Generation XL
- Parents need to be good role models
What is obesity linked to?
- Genetics
- Regional differences (Atlantic higher, based on availability and culture)
- Socio economic status (lower at risk)
- Culture
- Precipitating event (trauma, move, divorce)
- Poor nutrition (high sweets and fats, low fruit and veggie)
- Too little exercise
Why has childhood obesity tripled since the 1980s?
Eat less well:
- Both parents working
- Too much extracurricular
- Easy access to fast food
- Healthy food is costly
Too sedentary:
- Play on technology (toys are screen based)
- Risk awareness
- Too much homework
- Too little gym classes
How can parents encourage healthy eating?
- Make it fun
- Involve the child
- Be a good role model
What is the relation between health and illness?
- Major illnesses in Canada are largely eliminated due to vaccines and healthcare
- Minor illnesses are common
- Accidents are the number 1 issue: motor vehicle #1, poverty is a risk, childproof home, educate, supervise
What are the sleep patterns?
- Sleep decreases
- Napping eliminated
- Bedtime struggles
What are sleep disturbances/disorders?
- Nightmares, night terrors
- Sleepwalking
- Bedwetting
What are the elimination disorders?
- Enuresis
- Encopresis
What is enuresis?
Lack of control of bladder.
- Toilet trained by 2-3 years
- Nighttime more difficult to attain (physical: maturation of bladder and reduce urine production at night)
What is encopresis?
Lack of control of bowels.
- Physical: constipation
- Psychological: anxiety/stress
What are the factors of cognitive development in early childhood?
- Jean Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
- Memory and attention
- Language development
What is Jean Piaget’s Preoperational Stage?
- Egocentrism
- Appearance-reality
- Centration
- Theory of mind
- Biological theories
What is egocentrism?
- Unable to understand different people have different experiences/perspectives
- Think that if they can’t see you then you can’t see them
What is appearance-reality?
- What you see is what you get
- Judge based on what they see
- Believe that what they see is real (scared of mascots, people dressed as witches…)
What is centration?
Single roles:
- Concentrate on one aspect of a situation
- Don’t realize they should consider others
- Only recognize role you play with them (even though we all play multiple roles)
- Think teacher doesn’t have a life outside of school
Conservation errors:
- Won’t consider shape, hight, width size…
- Ex: 2 identical water glasses but when poured into two different shaped glasses they will say taller one has more water
What is theory of mind?
Relation between mind and behaviour.
- Put yourself in other’s shoes
- Mental states
- Beliefs and behaviours
- Opposite of egocentrism
What are the biological theories?
Animate vs inanimate objects
- Movement
- Growth
- Internal parts
- Inheritance
- Healing
- Say leg needs new batteries when it’s broken
- Living things move but adjust schema for plants
- Put band aid on teddy to heal him
- Start understanding resemblance between themselves and parents
What are factors in cognitive development?
- Early childhood education
- Educational tv
- Screen time
How do we use tv to educate preschool childreen?
- 3 year olds who watch sesame street regularly have larger vocabularies later
- Viewers of shows that stress prosocial behaviour are more likely to act prosocially
What were the big lessons in Sesame Street episode 1?
- The numbers 3 and 2
- The letters S, E and W
- Cows and milk
- Over, through, around
- Wash
- Days of the week
- Leader, teaching, helping, friendship
What were the teaching techniques in Sesame Street?
- Repetition
- Singing
- Real people, cartoons
- Multiple examples
What is the development of memory and attention?
- Attention span increases
- Autobiographical memory begins
What is language development?
- Fast-mapping
- Grammar explosion
- Conversations: taking turns
- Pragmatics
- Overregulation
What is fast-mapping?
A process of quickly determining a word’s meaning, which facilitates children’s vocabulary development.
What are pragmatics?
The practical aspects of communication, such as adaption of language to fit the social situation.
What is overregulation?
- Plural: adding the s (mouses)
- Past tense: adding the ed (eated, haded)
How do children acquire language based on nurture?
- Classical conditioning (associate words with tasks/activities)
- Operant conditioning
- Social cognitive learning
- Cognitive theory
- Socio-cultural theory
How do children acquire language based on nature?
- Inborn neural circuits (areas of the brain for language)
- Brain specialization (broca’s area for speech production and Wernicke’s area for speech comprehension
- Critical periods (first year for language and pre-adolescent for second language)
- Only humans (language is a human skill)
What are the factors of social/emotional development in early childhood?
- Child rearing
- Parenting styles
- Social behaviours
- The self
- Gender roles and sex differences
What are the dimensions of child rearing?
- Warm-cold dimension
- Restrictive-permissive dimension
What is the warm-cold dimension?
Warm:
- Affectionate, caring, supportive, hug, kiss, smile
- Express their love of being with their child
- Less likely to physically discipline
Cold: opposite
What is the restrictive-permissive dimension?
- Few feelings of affection towards child
- Complain about child’s behaviour (naughty)
Restrictive: clear rules and guidelines
Permissive: can do whatever they want, no rules
What are the parenting styles?
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive-indulgent
- Rejecting-neglecting
What is the authoritative parenting style?
- High in restrictiveness and control
- High in warmth and responsiveness
- The best
- “This is what I expect and why, and these are the consequences”
What is the authoritarian parenting style?
- High in restrictiveness and control
- Low in warmth and responsiveness
- “Do this or else”
What is the permissive-indulgent parenting style?
- Low in restrictiveness and control
- High in warmth and responsiveness
What is the rejecting-neglecting parenting style?
- Low in restrictiveness and control
- Low in warmth and responsiveness
How do parents enforce restrictions?
Discipline
- Operant conditioning techniques
- Factors to consider
What are the operant conditioning techniques to how parents enforce restrictions?
- Positive reinforcement: give something pleasant
- Negative reinforcement: remove something unpleasant
- Positive punishment: give something unpleasant
- Negative punishment: remove something pleasant
How should parents discipline a 3 year old who threw blocks at a friend?
- Take the blocks away
- Ask why they threw it
- Teach why it isn’t okay
How should parents discipline a 4 year old who coloured on the walls?
- Praise them for drawing
- Teach them there are places you can and can’t draw
How should parents discipline a 5 year old who bit a friend?
- Time out
- Teach them that what they did was wrong and hurt someone
- Teach proper way to manage conflict
What are the factors to consider for parents enforcing restrictions?
- Age
- Punishment fits the crime
- Preventative measures
- Is the behaviour really misbehaviour
What are other factors influencing parenting style?
- Situation (the type of behaviour)
- Child’s temperament (often leads to different parenting styles)
- Parents temperament
- Divorce (security, stability, safety)
What are the social behaviours?
- Siblings
- Peers and play
- Prosocial behaviour
- Aggression
How do siblings impact behaviour?
- Roles (older sibling might be more caring or adult like…)
- Brith order (child’s characteristics and parenting style may be different for first born and last born)
What skills to peers and play foster?
- Physical: motor skills
- Cognitive: curiosity, problem solving, symbolic thinking
- Social: share, help, turn taking, conflict resolution
For children, what are friends?
- Close physical proximity
- Similar interests (do same activities)
What is prosocial behaviour?
- Empathy
- Perspective taking
What are the factors of prosocial behaviour?
Cognitive development:
- Theory of mind
- Operant conditioning
- Social cognitive theory
- Socio cultural theory
What is the developmental problem of aggression?
- Younger preschoolers use instrumental aggression
- Used to getting what they want
How can we explain aggressive behaviour?
Aggressive behaviour is consistent over time. Theories:
- Biological (hormones, temperament)
- Operant conditioning (properly disciplined)
- Social cognitive theory
- Socio cultural theory (role models)
- Psychodynamic theory
- Cognitive theory
What is the me vs them stage?
Self becomes more defined:
- categorical self (external traits)
- physical, cognitive and social acceptance
Fears peak at 2.5-4 years:
- Animals
- Imaginary creatures
- The dark
- Danger
How does gender identity develop?
Gender identity develops gradually:
1. Labelling (2 years): label clothing and toys as being for boy or girl
2. Satiability (3): think that gender/sex can change
3. Consistency (4-7): realize gender/sex doesn’t change when clothes or hair does
Achieved gender constancy.
What is gender?
- Social construct
- Social role
- Behaviour
- Identity
- Continuum
What is sex?
Biological features:
- Genitalia
- Chromosomes
- Hormones
- Binary vs intersex
What is the nature of gender development?
Heredity: evolutionary psychologists
- Survival (gender roes: hunter gatherers)
Sex hormones
- Prenatal differentiation of sex organs during embryonic stage via male hormones
What is gender identity?
- Pinkification - binary coding
- Sex assigned at birth
- Cisgender: match of sex and gender
- Trans and gender diverse: non match
What is gender expression?
- Clothing
- Behaviour
What gender role socialization?
Nurturing gender:
- Colours
- Clothing
- Toys
- Activities
- Sports
- Careers
- Media
