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Child Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the factors of physical development in early childhood?

A
  • Growth patterns
  • Motor development
  • Nutrition
  • Illnesses
  • Sleep patterns and disorders
  • Elimination disorders
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2
Q

What are the growth patterns in weight and height?

A
  • Growth slows and is more stable
  • Loss of fat and changing proportions
  • Cartilage continues to turn to bone
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3
Q

What are the growth patterns of the brain?

A
  • Rapid growth in size
  • Continuing myelination of neurons and specialization
  • Left vs right brain (use both)
  • Plasticity (brain’s ability to change/adapt)
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4
Q

What are the growth patterns of the teeth?

A
  • 20 primary teeth by the age of 3
  • Tooth fairy (ages 5-6)
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5
Q

What are the motor development patterns?

A
  • Gross motor skills improve (run, skip, throw, sports)
  • Fine motor skills improve (drawings: from scribbles to shapes to multi-shape designs, dominant handedness is established: 12% lefty)
  • Physical activity begins to decline after 2 or 3 years
  • Gender differences
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6
Q

What are the gender differences in motor skills?

A

Boys:
- Muscular
- Active
- Running
- Throwing

Girls:
- Balancing
- Hopping
- Skipping
- Fine motor skill (more precise)

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7
Q

What are the possible challenges to left-handedness?

A
  • Health: high blood pressure, epilepsy
  • Language-based problems
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8
Q

What are the possible strengths to left-handedness?

A
  • Math
  • Musical and artistic
  • Athletics
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9
Q

What is nutrition?

A
  • Picky eaters (need less calories per kg)
  • Generation XL
  • Parents need to be good role models
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10
Q

What is obesity linked to?

A
  • Genetics
  • Regional differences (Atlantic higher, based on availability and culture)
  • Socio economic status (lower at risk)
  • Culture
  • Precipitating event (trauma, move, divorce)
  • Poor nutrition (high sweets and fats, low fruit and veggie)
  • Too little exercise
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11
Q

Why has childhood obesity tripled since the 1980s?

A

Eat less well:
- Both parents working
- Too much extracurricular
- Easy access to fast food
- Healthy food is costly

Too sedentary:
- Play on technology (toys are screen based)
- Risk awareness
- Too much homework
- Too little gym classes

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12
Q

How can parents encourage healthy eating?

A
  • Make it fun
  • Involve the child
  • Be a good role model
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13
Q

What is the relation between health and illness?

A
  • Major illnesses in Canada are largely eliminated due to vaccines and healthcare
  • Minor illnesses are common
  • Accidents are the number 1 issue: motor vehicle #1, poverty is a risk, childproof home, educate, supervise
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14
Q

What are the sleep patterns?

A
  • Sleep decreases
  • Napping eliminated
  • Bedtime struggles
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15
Q

What are sleep disturbances/disorders?

A
  • Nightmares, night terrors
  • Sleepwalking
  • Bedwetting
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16
Q

What are the elimination disorders?

A
  • Enuresis
  • Encopresis
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17
Q

What is enuresis?

A

Lack of control of bladder.
- Toilet trained by 2-3 years
- Nighttime more difficult to attain (physical: maturation of bladder and reduce urine production at night)

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18
Q

What is encopresis?

A

Lack of control of bowels.
- Physical: constipation
- Psychological: anxiety/stress

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19
Q

What are the factors of cognitive development in early childhood?

A
  • Jean Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
  • Memory and attention
  • Language development
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20
Q

What is Jean Piaget’s Preoperational Stage?

A
  • Egocentrism
  • Appearance-reality
  • Centration
  • Theory of mind
  • Biological theories
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21
Q

What is egocentrism?

A
  • Unable to understand different people have different experiences/perspectives
  • Think that if they can’t see you then you can’t see them
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22
Q

What is appearance-reality?

A
  • What you see is what you get
  • Judge based on what they see
  • Believe that what they see is real (scared of mascots, people dressed as witches…)
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23
Q

What is centration?

A

Single roles:
- Concentrate on one aspect of a situation
- Don’t realize they should consider others
- Only recognize role you play with them (even though we all play multiple roles)
- Think teacher doesn’t have a life outside of school

Conservation errors:
- Won’t consider shape, hight, width size…
- Ex: 2 identical water glasses but when poured into two different shaped glasses they will say taller one has more water

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24
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

Relation between mind and behaviour.
- Put yourself in other’s shoes
- Mental states
- Beliefs and behaviours
- Opposite of egocentrism

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25
Q

What are the biological theories?

A

Animate vs inanimate objects
- Movement
- Growth
- Internal parts
- Inheritance
- Healing

  • Say leg needs new batteries when it’s broken
  • Living things move but adjust schema for plants
  • Put band aid on teddy to heal him
  • Start understanding resemblance between themselves and parents
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26
Q

What are factors in cognitive development?

A
  • Early childhood education
  • Educational tv
  • Screen time
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27
Q

How do we use tv to educate preschool childreen?

A
  • 3 year olds who watch sesame street regularly have larger vocabularies later
  • Viewers of shows that stress prosocial behaviour are more likely to act prosocially
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28
Q

What were the big lessons in Sesame Street episode 1?

A
  • The numbers 3 and 2
  • The letters S, E and W
  • Cows and milk
  • Over, through, around
  • Wash
  • Days of the week
  • Leader, teaching, helping, friendship
29
Q

What were the teaching techniques in Sesame Street?

A
  • Repetition
  • Singing
  • Real people, cartoons
  • Multiple examples
30
Q

What is the development of memory and attention?

A
  • Attention span increases
  • Autobiographical memory begins
31
Q

What is language development?

A
  • Fast-mapping
  • Grammar explosion
  • Conversations: taking turns
  • Pragmatics
  • Overregulation
32
Q

What is fast-mapping?

A

A process of quickly determining a word’s meaning, which facilitates children’s vocabulary development.

33
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

The practical aspects of communication, such as adaption of language to fit the social situation.

34
Q

What is overregulation?

A
  • Plural: adding the s (mouses)
  • Past tense: adding the ed (eated, haded)
35
Q

How do children acquire language based on nurture?

A
  • Classical conditioning (associate words with tasks/activities)
  • Operant conditioning
  • Social cognitive learning
  • Cognitive theory
  • Socio-cultural theory
36
Q

How do children acquire language based on nature?

A
  • Inborn neural circuits (areas of the brain for language)
  • Brain specialization (broca’s area for speech production and Wernicke’s area for speech comprehension
  • Critical periods (first year for language and pre-adolescent for second language)
  • Only humans (language is a human skill)
37
Q

What are the factors of social/emotional development in early childhood?

A
  • Child rearing
  • Parenting styles
  • Social behaviours
  • The self
  • Gender roles and sex differences
38
Q

What are the dimensions of child rearing?

A
  • Warm-cold dimension
  • Restrictive-permissive dimension
39
Q

What is the warm-cold dimension?

A

Warm:
- Affectionate, caring, supportive, hug, kiss, smile
- Express their love of being with their child
- Less likely to physically discipline

Cold: opposite

40
Q

What is the restrictive-permissive dimension?

A
  • Few feelings of affection towards child
  • Complain about child’s behaviour (naughty)

Restrictive: clear rules and guidelines
Permissive: can do whatever they want, no rules

41
Q

What are the parenting styles?

A
  • Authoritative
  • Authoritarian
  • Permissive-indulgent
  • Rejecting-neglecting
42
Q

What is the authoritative parenting style?

A
  • High in restrictiveness and control
  • High in warmth and responsiveness
  • The best
  • “This is what I expect and why, and these are the consequences”
43
Q

What is the authoritarian parenting style?

A
  • High in restrictiveness and control
  • Low in warmth and responsiveness
  • “Do this or else”
44
Q

What is the permissive-indulgent parenting style?

A
  • Low in restrictiveness and control
  • High in warmth and responsiveness
45
Q

What is the rejecting-neglecting parenting style?

A
  • Low in restrictiveness and control
  • Low in warmth and responsiveness
46
Q

How do parents enforce restrictions?

A

Discipline
- Operant conditioning techniques
- Factors to consider

47
Q

What are the operant conditioning techniques to how parents enforce restrictions?

A
  • Positive reinforcement: give something pleasant
  • Negative reinforcement: remove something unpleasant
  • Positive punishment: give something unpleasant
  • Negative punishment: remove something pleasant
48
Q

How should parents discipline a 3 year old who threw blocks at a friend?

A
  • Take the blocks away
  • Ask why they threw it
  • Teach why it isn’t okay
49
Q

How should parents discipline a 4 year old who coloured on the walls?

A
  • Praise them for drawing
  • Teach them there are places you can and can’t draw
50
Q

How should parents discipline a 5 year old who bit a friend?

A
  • Time out
  • Teach them that what they did was wrong and hurt someone
  • Teach proper way to manage conflict
51
Q

What are the factors to consider for parents enforcing restrictions?

A
  • Age
  • Punishment fits the crime
  • Preventative measures
  • Is the behaviour really misbehaviour
52
Q

What are other factors influencing parenting style?

A
  • Situation (the type of behaviour)
  • Child’s temperament (often leads to different parenting styles)
  • Parents temperament
  • Divorce (security, stability, safety)
53
Q

What are the social behaviours?

A
  • Siblings
  • Peers and play
  • Prosocial behaviour
  • Aggression
54
Q

How do siblings impact behaviour?

A
  • Roles (older sibling might be more caring or adult like…)
  • Brith order (child’s characteristics and parenting style may be different for first born and last born)
55
Q

What skills to peers and play foster?

A
  • Physical: motor skills
  • Cognitive: curiosity, problem solving, symbolic thinking
  • Social: share, help, turn taking, conflict resolution
56
Q

For children, what are friends?

A
  • Close physical proximity
  • Similar interests (do same activities)
57
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A
  • Empathy
  • Perspective taking
58
Q

What are the factors of prosocial behaviour?

A

Cognitive development:
- Theory of mind
- Operant conditioning
- Social cognitive theory
- Socio cultural theory

59
Q

What is the developmental problem of aggression?

A
  • Younger preschoolers use instrumental aggression
  • Used to getting what they want
60
Q

How can we explain aggressive behaviour?

A

Aggressive behaviour is consistent over time. Theories:
- Biological (hormones, temperament)
- Operant conditioning (properly disciplined)
- Social cognitive theory
- Socio cultural theory (role models)
- Psychodynamic theory
- Cognitive theory

61
Q

What is the me vs them stage?

A

Self becomes more defined:
- categorical self (external traits)
- physical, cognitive and social acceptance

Fears peak at 2.5-4 years:
- Animals
- Imaginary creatures
- The dark
- Danger

62
Q

How does gender identity develop?

A

Gender identity develops gradually:
1. Labelling (2 years): label clothing and toys as being for boy or girl
2. Satiability (3): think that gender/sex can change
3. Consistency (4-7): realize gender/sex doesn’t change when clothes or hair does

Achieved gender constancy.

63
Q

What is gender?

A
  • Social construct
  • Social role
  • Behaviour
  • Identity
  • Continuum
64
Q

What is sex?

A

Biological features:
- Genitalia
- Chromosomes
- Hormones
- Binary vs intersex

65
Q

What is the nature of gender development?

A

Heredity: evolutionary psychologists
- Survival (gender roes: hunter gatherers)

Sex hormones
- Prenatal differentiation of sex organs during embryonic stage via male hormones

66
Q

What is gender identity?

A
  • Pinkification - binary coding
  • Sex assigned at birth
  • Cisgender: match of sex and gender
  • Trans and gender diverse: non match
67
Q

What is gender expression?

A
  • Clothing
  • Behaviour
68
Q

What gender role socialization?

A

Nurturing gender:
- Colours
- Clothing
- Toys
- Activities
- Sports
- Careers
- Media

Child Psychology (6 decks)

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