Test 1 Flashcards
Who was the founder of child development?
Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
What is Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?
Libido needs at each psychosexual stage must be met but not exceeded.
- Oral (0-1)
- Anal (1-3)
- Phallic (3-6)
- Latent (6-ado)
- Genital (Ado)
What is Freud’s Personality (Structural) Theory?
The Ego must balance the Id and Superego.
- Ego
- Id (devil)
- Superego (angel)
What are the psychodynamic perspectives?
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):
- Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
- Freud’s Personality (Structural) Theory
Erik Erikson (1902-1994):
- Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
Social challenge at each psychosocial stage must be met.
- Trust vs mistrust (0-1)
- Autonomy vs doubt (1-3)
- Initiative vs guilt (3-6)
- Industry vs inferiority (6-ado)
- Identity vs identity crisis (ado)
What are the learning perspectives (behaviourism)?
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Social Cognitive Theory
What is classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936):
- Physiological father of CC
- Associative learning - environment
- Salivating dogs
John B. Watson (1878-1958):
- Applied CC to psychology
- Associative learning - environment
- Poor little Albert
What is operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990):
- Learning by consequence - environment
- + - reinforcement and punishment
What is the Social Cognitive Theory?
Albert Bandura (1925-):
- Learning by observing - environment
- Modeling/imitating
What is the cognitive perspective?
Jean Piaget (1896-1980):
Natural scientists - motivated to make sense of the physical and social world. 4 distinct stages:
- Sensorimotor: senses and motor / look, touch (0-2)
- Preoperational: self centered (2-6)
- Concrete operational: logical (7-11)
- Formal operational: abstract (12 +)
What are the biological perspectives?
- Maturational theory
- Ethological theory
What is the maturational theory?
Gessell (1880-1961):
- Natural unfolding of biological plan
What is the ethological theory?
Lorenz (1903- 1989):
- Behaviours have survival value (inherited)
- Critical periods, imprinting, attachment
(need exposure)
What are the contextual perspectives?
- Sociocultural theory
- Ecological theory
What is the sociocultural theory?
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934):
- Adults teach culture
What is scaffolding?
Help just the right amount.
What is the ecological theory?
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005):
- Multiple systems teach culture
What are debates in HDEV?
- Nature and Nurture: biological and experience
- Continuity and Discontinuity: quantitative and qualitative
- Active and Passive roles: internal and external motivation
What are the data collecting methods?
- Survey
- Observation
- Case study
- Tasks
What are the strengths and weaknesses of surveys?
Strengths:
- Large sample
- Time efficient
- Cost efficient
Weaknesses:
- Honesty?
- Memory?
- Prediction?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of observation?
Strengths:
- Don’t need to rely on self report
- Natural behaviour and setting
Weaknesses:
- Can’t study rare or private behaviour
- Time consuming
What are the strengths and weaknesses of case studies?
Strengths:
- In depth info
- Opportunity to learn from uncontrollable circumstances
Weaknesses:
- Not generalizable
What are the strengths and weaknesses of tasks?
Strengths:
- Convenient
- Don’t need language
Weaknesses:
- May be invalid if unnatural setting
What are the general designs for research?
- Correlation
- Experiment
What are the strengths and weaknesses of correlation?
Strengths:
- Relationships can be studied
Weaknesses:
- Not causation
What is correlation?
- Putting things together.
- 2 or more variables.
- Positive vs negative.
What is an experiment?
- Trying things out.
- Independent and dependent variables
- Manipulate the IV
What are the strengths and weaknesses of experiments?
Strengths:
- Control
- Causation
Weaknesses:
- Artificial setting/experience
- Participant bias
- Researcher bias
What are the 3 methods for studying development over time?
- Longitudinal
- Cross-sectional
- Sequential
What is longitudinal?
- One group, all the same age
- Tested multiple times, over time, as they develop
What are the strengths and weaknesses of longitudinal?
Strengths:
- Track development within individuals
Weaknesses:
- Loss of participants
- Cohort (common experiences)
- Long
- Costly
What is cross-sectional?
- One group, multiple ages
- Tested once
What are the strengths and weaknesses of cross-sectional?
Strengths:
- No cohort
- Time efficient
- Cost efficient
Weaknesses:
- Doesn’t track development within individuals
What is sequential?
- One group, multiple ages
- Tested multiple times
What are the strengths and weaknesses of sequential?
Strengths:
- Same as cross-sectional for each testing
- Same as longitudinal overall
Weaknesses:
- Same as cross-sectional for each testing
- Same as longitudinal overall
What are the ethics?
- Not too much deception
- Consent
- Anonymous and confidential
- Minimize physical and emotional risks
What is heredity?
The transmission of genetic material from one generation to another.
What is epigenetics?
Experiences can affect gene expression (whether the gene will turn on/activate).
What is the biology of heredity?
Father’s sperm + mother’s egg (gametes):
- 46 chromosomes total (23 each)
- Each cell contains all 46, except gametes
- Each chromosome = 1 molecule DNA
- Each molecule DNA = several hundred genes
What is genotype?
Our genes.
- 20 000 - 25 000
What is phenotype?
Our features.
- Physical, cognitive, social/personality
- Genes + environment
What is a gene?
A pair of alleles (not fused).
What is homozygous?
Identical alleles (both say to make straight hair).
What is heterozygous?
Different alleles.
What is the dominant allele?
Leader.
What is the recessive allele?
Follower.
What is incomplete dominance?
Sickle cell trait:
- Need the sick allele from mom and dad, if not it’s okay because healthy is dominant.
What are the dominant single gene phenotypes?
- Curly hair
- Normal hair
- Dark hair
- Thick lips
- Cheek dimples
- Normal hearing
- Normal vision
- Normal colour vision
- Type A or B blood
- Rh-positive blood
What are the recessive single gene phenotypes?
- Straight hair
- Baldness (men)
- Blond or red hair
- Thin lips
- No dimples
- Some types of deafness
- Myopia
- Red-green colour blindness
- Type O blood
- Rh-negative blood
How do we study behavioural genetics?
- Twins
- Adoption studies
What are monozygotic twins?
- Identical
- One egg and sperm, they split
What are dizygotic twins?
- Fraternal
- Different egg and sperm
What are the strong cases for inheritance?
- Intelligence
- Psychological disorders
- Personality
Identical twins more similar to each other and adopted kids more similar to biological parents.
What are challenges for inheritance?
- How are identical twins vs fraternal twins treated by others?
- Parents with 2+ kids (non-shared or shared experiences)
- Child not passive (who the child is will impact how people treat them)
What are genetic abnormalities?
Inherited disorders are rare. Usually 2 recessive alleles:
- Albinism (lack of pigment melanin)
- PKU (build up of phenylalanine in body)
- Tay-Sachs (degeneration of nervous system in preschool years)
- Cystic fibrosis (mucus-lungs and digestive)
Rarely 1 dominant allele:
- Huntington’s (degeneration of nervous system in adulthood)
What are chromosomal abnormalities?
Too many, too few, or damaged chromosomes.
- Down syndrome (extra 21st chromosome)
What are sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities?
- Abnormal number of sex chromosomes
What are sex-linked genetic abnormalities?
- Hemophilia
- Muscular dystrophy
- Colour blindness
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
- Zygote (1-2)
- Embryo (3-8
- Fetus (9-38)
What is stage 1 of prenatal development?
Zygote: weeks 1-2 (sperm penetrates egg = zygote).
- Egg is fertilized in fallopian tube
- Rapid cell division
- Zygote travels down tube and is implanted in uterus wall
What is stage 2 of prenatal development?
Embryo: weeks 3-8.
- Body parts are formed (XX/XY)
- Embryo in amniotic sac (helps cushion, protect, regulate temperature)
- Umbilical cord joins embryo to placenta (brings good and removes bad)
- Size:
- 6 weeks: apple seed
- 7 weeks: grape
- 8 weeks: strawberry
What is stage 3 of prenatal development?
Fetus: weeks 9-38.
- Increase in size and system functions
- Age of viability (baby has chance of survival): 22-28 weeks
What are the general risk factors?
- Nutrition (folic acid and spina bifida)
- Stress (decreases oxygen to fetus and weakens mom’s immune system)
- Mother’s age (not too young or old)
- Teratogens
What are teratogens?
Agents disrupting development.
- Infections and diseases pass through placenta
- Drugs pass through placenta
- Environmental hazards
How teratogens influence depend on?
- Genotype
- Timing
- Damage not always evident at birth
- How strong/resistant the baby is to toxins
What are prenatal diagnosis and treatments for deformities and genetic disorders?
- Blood tests
- Ultrasound
- Chorionic villus sampling (8 weeks)
- Amniocentesis (16 weeks)
When split occurs within 72 hours?
- Looks like fraternal twins
- Own sac and placenta
Split occurs within 4-7 days?
Own sac but same placenta
Split occurs day 8 or after?
Share sac and placenta.
How many stages are there in labour and delivery?
3 stages.
What is stage 1 of labour and delivery?
- Uterus contracts
- Cervix enlarges (fully = 10 cm)
- Long: 12-24 hours
- Painful
What is stage 2 of labour and delivery?
- Baby is pushed down the birth canal
- Baby is born
- 1 hour
What is stage 3 of labour and delivery?
- Placenta is expelled
- 10-15 minutes
What are the approaches to childbirth?
- Prep: childbirth classes
- Partner is involved
- Where? hospital, home
- Assisted by doula, midwife, obstetrician
What are birth complications?
- Lack of oxygen or baby position (c-section)
- Placenta abruption
- Premature (before 38 weeks)
- Small for date (low birthweight)
What is apgar?
The examination of the baby after birth.
- Activity
- Pulse
- Grimace
- Skin
- Breathing
What are the 4 primary states of the newborn?
- Alert inactivity
- Waking activity
- Crying
- Sleeping
What is postpartum depression?
- Affects warmth and enthusiasm of mothering
- Children are at risk of depression and behavioural problems
- 50% new moms feel sadness
- 10-15% postpartum depression
