Chapters 11 and 12 Flashcards
What are the factors of physical development in adolescence?
-Puberty
- Health
What are the aspects of puberty?
- Hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland
- Pituitary gland release growth hormones and stimulate the gonads
- Gonads produce sex hormones
- Sex hormones stimulate primary (for reproduction to be possible) and secondary (hair, sweat, acne, breast…) sexual characteristics
What is the difference between boys and girls in puberty?
Boys:
- Growth spurt at 12 years
- Spermarche (first ejaculation) at 13-14 years
Girls:
- Growth spurt at 10 years
- Menarche (first period) around 12 years
What is the difference between early and late maturers?
- Boys: positive self-esteem, confidence, respect
- Girls: very difficult, treated differently, isolated
- LBGTQ+: very difficult, confusing
Why is puberty starting earlier?
- Eating more protein
- We’re bigger than before (easy access and eating more)
What are the rituals of puberty?
- Transition
- Rites of passage
What does transition typically involve?
- Literal and/or spiritual cleansing
- Physical transformation (piercing, tattoos…)
- Offerings, prayers, and blessings
- Traditional food and dress
- Traditional music instruments and songs
What do rites of passage involve?
- Separation from society
- Preparation or instruction from an elder(s)
- Transition from child to adult
- Welcoming back to society - acknowledging new status
What are the aspects of health?
- Nutrition
- Alcohol and drugs
- Eating disorders
What are the aspects of nutrition?
- Irregular eating patterns (independence, going out, making food)
- Fast food
What are the aspects of alcohol and drugs?
- 66% used alcohol
- 33% used marijuana
- 5% used LSD, ecstasy, cocaine
What are the aspects of eating disorders?
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
What are the factors of cognitive development in adolescence?
- Piaget’s formal operations
- Sex differenced in cognition
- Kohlberg’s moral development
- School
- Career development and work experience
What are Piaget’s formal operations?
- Hypothetical thinking: what might be, think ahead
- Sophisticated use of symbols: math, metaphors
- Adolescent egocentrism: imaginary audience, personal fable
What are the sex differences in cognition?
- Verbal ability: females surpass males
- Visual-spatial ability: males outperform females
- Mathematical ability: males better? stereotypes
What is Kohlberg’s moral development at this age?
Postconventional level: moral judgements are derived from moral principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards.
People must follow universal ethical principles and their own conscience, even if it means breaking the law.
What are the aspects of school?
- Transition to high school
- Dropping out
What are the aspects of the transition to high school?
- Grades
- Self-esteem
- Stress
- Girls have more trouble than boys
What are the aspects of dropping out?
- Excessive absence
- Reading below grade level
- Low grades
- Low self-esteem
- Problems with teachers
- Substance abuse
- Oldest in grade
- Boys tend to drop out more than girls
What are the aspects of career development and employment?
- Holland’s career typology
- Adolescent employment
What is Holland’s career typology?
- Realistic
- Investigative
- Artistic
- Social
- Enterprising
- Conventional
What is adolescent employment?
- 31% of high school students work
- Less than 10 hours per week
- Pros and cons
What are the pros to adolescent employment?
- Responsibility
- Discipline
- Value of money and education
- Work habits
- Enhancing occupational aspirations
What are the cons to adolescent employment?
- Lower grades
- Higher substance use
- Illegal behaviour
- Lower self-esteem
- Higher psychological problems
What are the factors of social and emotional development in adolescence?
- Identity
- Parents
- Peers
- Sexuality
- Conflict with the law
- Suicide risk factors
What are the aspects of identity?
- Erikson’s stage 5
- Identity statuses
- Ethnicity
- Self-concept
- Self-esteem
What is Erikson’s stage 5?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
What are the identity statuses?
- Diffusion
- Foreclosure
- Moratorium
- Achievement
What is diffusion?
- Not actively trying to figure out our identity
- Don’t have commitments and are not trying to form them
- Least developed in terms of identity
What is foreclosure?
- Have aspect of identity but someone decided for you
- Has commitments without considering alternatives
- Based on identification with authority figures
What is moratorium?
- Trying to figure things out
- Actively exploring alternatives
- Attempt to make choices
What is achievement?
- Decided on identity for yourself
- Experienced period of exploration and developed commitments
- Most developed in terms of identity
What are the aspects of ethnicity (ethnic identity)?
- Unexamined ethnic identity (like diffusion and foreclosure)
- Ethnic identity search (like moratorium)
- Achieved ethnic identity (like achievement)
What are the aspects of self-concept?
- Self-perceptions more accurate
- More differentiated
What are the aspects of self-esteem?
- Gradual improvement
- Emotional support from parents and peers important
What are the aspects of parents?
- Changing relationship
- Secure attachment
- Close with parents (most are)
What are the aspects of changing relationships?
- Spend less time together
- Compromise
What are the aspects of secure attachment?
- Less high risk behaviour
- Fewer mental health issues
- Enhanced social skills
- Effective coping skills
What are the aspects of close with parents?
- More self-reliance
- Higher self-esteem
- Higher academic performance
- Fewer adjustment problems
What are the aspects of peers?
- Peer groups (cliques)
- Online (attachment matters)
- Dating (fun, enhance prestige, intimacy)
What are the aspects of sexuality?
- Sexual identity steps for LGBTQ
- Masturbation
- Sexual behaviour
- Teenage pregnancy
- STI’s
What are the sexual identity steps for LGBTQ?
- Attraction to the same sex
- Self labelling as LGBTQ
- Sexual contact with same sex
- Disclosure of sexual orientation
What is masturbation?
- Normal activity
- Most common sexual activity in adolescence
What is sexual behaviour?
- Teens are dating earlier
- Dating increases chance of sexual behaviour
- Contraceptive
- Internet porn
- Parental influence
- Peer influence
What are the aspects of teenage pregnancy?
- Why adolescents get pregnant
- Why adolescents don’t use contraceptives
Why do adolescents get pregnant?
- Little education
- No contraception
Why do adolescents not use contraceptives?
- Age
- Money
- Pressure
- Invincibility
- Knowledge
- Stigma
What are STI’s?
- Chlamydia (most common)
- Gonorrhoea
- Syphilis
- Genital herpes
- HIV
- HPV
- Pubic lice (crabs)
What are the aspects of conflict with the law?
- Youth crime rate is significantly declining since 2006
- Risks: socioeconomic deprivation and lack of parental supervision
- Prevention and rehabilitation (increase competence, connectedness, and empowerment, like sports)
What are the suicide risk factors?
- Depression
- Indigenous youth
- LGBTQ+ youth
- Stressful life events
- Grades
- Problems at home
- Substance abuse
- Female rates increasing and male rates decreasing
