Test 3_development of sex differences and gender roles

Question 1

Three theories

Answer 1

Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Gender Schema Theory

Question 2

Social Learning Theory

Answer 2

Gender Identity is based on Reinforcement. Punishment, and Imitation.

Question 3

Social Learning Theory, Early influences

Answer 3

following the perceptions and expectations of adults.
Differential treatment by parents and other adults.
Child incorporates these differences into self and peer expectations.
Different behaviors are rewarded for boys and for girls

Question 4

Social Learning Theory, early influences become

Answer 4

the selected pattern or preferences of the child

Question 5

Social Learning Theory, behaviors lead to

Answer 5

concept of gender identity

Question 6

Cognitive Developmental Theory, Development of Gender Identity involves

Answer 6

the development of a cognitive construct.

Question 7

Cognitive Developmental Theory, The Construct precedes

Answer 7

the behavior (just the reverse of Social learning Theory)

Question 8

Cognitive Developmental Theory, The development of Gender Constancy is key:
Involves three stages??

Answer 8

Stage 1: Gender Labeling (2-3 1/2)
Stage 2: Gender Stability (3 1/2 - 4 1/2)
Stage 3: Gender Consistency (4 1/2 - 7)

Question 9

Cognitive Developmental Theory, Stage 1: Gender Labeling

Answer 9

(2-3 1/2)
Self Identification (learn labels that apply to self and others; boy, girl, man, woman)
Physical features like hair length and clothing determine sex…
Sex is changeable:
If a boy is asked if he will be a mommy or daddy when he grows up, likely to say either.

Question 10

Cognitive Developmental Theory, Stage 1, what determines sex?

Answer 10

physical features like hair length and clothing

Question 11

Cognitive Developmental Theory, Stage 1, is sex changeable?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

Cognitive Developmental Theory, Stage 2,

Answer 12

Self Identification continues
Physical features like hair length and clothing still determine sex…
Sex is NOT changeable:
Understand that boys will be dads and girls will be moms.

Question 13

Cognitive Developmental Theory, what determines sex?

Answer 13

physical features like hair length and clothing

Question 14

Cognitive Developmental Theory, Stage 2, is sex changeable?

Answer 14

No

Question 15

Cognitive Developmental Theory, Stage 3

Answer 15

Self Identification continues
Physical features: genitals, now determine sex…
Sex is NOT changeable.
This theory would predict that an child should not show sex role behavior prior to the development of gender consistency…
… but children DO exhibit sex role behavior prior to this time.

Question 16

Cognitive Developmental Theory, Stage 3, what determines sex?

Answer 16

genitals

Question 17

Cognitive Developmental Theory, Stage 3, is sex changable?

Answer 17

no

Question 18

Cognitive Developmental Theory, Stage 3, limitation

Answer 18

children DO exhibit sex role behavior prior to this time.

Question 19

Gender Schema Theory, combines aspects of

Answer 19

Social Learning theory and Cognitive Developmental Theory

Question 20

Gender Schema Theory, general idea

Answer 20

reflects an Information Processing Approach

Early on… child respond to gender-typed preferences and behaviors as they begin to form gender schemes

Question 21

Gender Schema Theory, when can you identify gender and what happens when they can?

Answer 21

As soon as they can label their gender (2-3 1/2), they select gender schemes that are consistent with it. Thus self-perceptions become gender-typed

Question 22

Gender Schema Theory, are schemes easy to change?

Answer 22

Once these schemes form, very difficult to change them

Question 23

Describe early gender role development

Answer 23

Largely because of progress in women’s rights, gender typing is no longer regarded as essential for healthy adjustment

Question 24

gender stereotypes in children, pre school

Answer 24

begins

Question 25

gender stereotypes in children, middle school

Answer 25

They are aware of stereotypes for activities, behaviors, occupations, achievement areas, and personalities

Question 26

Awareness of gender stereotypes is _____ related to gender-role adoption

Answer 26

weakly

Question 27

stereotype flexibility

Answer 27

is a good predictor of school-aged children’s willingness to cross gender lines

Question 28

biological influences

Answer 28

males, dominance

women, intimacy, responsiveness, and cooperation

Question 29

environmental influences, infancy

Answer 29

parents reinforce gender appropriate activities/behaviors

Question 30

environmental influences, middles school

Answer 30

parents demand higher achievement of boys and hold gender stereotypes about children’s academic abilities, which influences career choices

Question 31

sex differences in mental ability, girls

Answer 31

better at language development, reading and writing, counting, arithmetic computation, mastery of basic math concepts, and emotional understanding

Question 32

sex differences in mental ability, boys

Answer 32

better at spacial skills and complex mathematical reasoning

Question 33

Androgen

Answer 33

hormone contributes to greater physical aggression in males

Question 34

girls greater emotional sensitivity is largely due to

Answer 34

gender-stereotyped expectations and child rearing practices