Final Flashcards
Describe the function of the family
.enhances survival by having an even amount of male hunters and female gathers. Currently, the primary responsibility for reproduction, socialization, and emotional support
Describe the changes in influence of Parents across childhood.
Parents exert considerable influence on their children
That influence tends to decrease as age increases
Parental influence is the dominant until 15-16-17
Parenting techniques have differential influences of children
Describe the changes in influence of Peers across childhood.
Peer Influence tends to increase across age up to age 15/16, Peer influence declines from 15/16 onward
Peer influence generally does not surpass parental influence
Describe the changes in influence of Self across childhood.
Self Influence tends to increase across age.
Self influence closely parallels but slightly lags behind Peer influence during childhood
Self Influence passes parental and Peer Influence around age 16/17
Baumrind, two dimensions
1st: Level of Control or how demanding parent is
2nd: Level of Nurturance or responsiveness of parent to the child
Baumrind, four parenting styles
1) Authoritative
2) Authoritative
3) Permissive Indulgent
4) Permissive Un-involved
Authoritative
Parents exert control, have definite rules
Parents willing to listen to and seek input from child
Parent is responsive to child’s needs but retains power
Parents tend to use love-oriented approach
Authoritative, outcomes
Generally associated with the most positive outcomes of parenting including:
High self esteem
Ultimate development of autonomy/independence
Greater self-reliance / self-control
Better relationships with adults and peers
Better coping skills
Authoritarian
Parents exert control, definite rules
Parents do not seek input from child and rules are rigid
Parent tends not to be responsive to child
Parents tend to use punishment
Authoritarian, outcomes
Lower self esteem / self concept
Passive hostility to aggressive
Moody, fearful
Weak sense of autonomy
Permissive Indulgent
Few rules, tend not to be enforced
Low demands and expectations
Very nurturant, may tend to live vicariously through their child (child can do no wrong)
Parents tend to use love-withdrawal approach
Permissive Indulgent, outcomes
Low self esteem / self concept / self-reliance Lacks self control Impulsiveness Aimless Low aspirations
Permissive Uninvolved / Neglectful
Parent is unconcerned… no rules… low nurturance
Parent is often more concerned about self than their children
Parent is often somewhat impulsive
Child may be attention-seeking
Permissive Uninvolved / Neglectful, outcomes
Lowest self esteem / self-reliance / self concept
Shows lack of self control
Prone to outbursts
High level of frustration
Chart
…………………………Unresponsive responsive
…………………………(low nuturance) (high)
Demanding……..Authoritarian Authoritative
Undemanding….Permissive Permissive
………………………….Involved Indulgent
Effect of divorce
Experience painful emotional reactions during the time, children with difficult personalities and boys are at a greater risk for developmental problems. Linked to early sexual activity and long term relationship issues. The overriding factor in positive adjustment following a divorce is effective parenting.
Effect of single parent families
generally increases economic hardship. Children of never married mothers who lack a fathers warmth and involvement show less favorable cognitive development and engage in more anti-social behavior than children in low-ses, first marriage families.
Effect of only child
well-adjusted as children with siblings, and they have advantages in self-esteem, academic achievement, and educational attainment
Effect of maternal employment
When mothers enjoy their work and remain committed to parenting, their children show more favorable adjustment. But when employment is stressful because of time demands or other reasons, children are at risk for ineffective parenting and adjustment difficulties. In dual earner families, the father’s willingness to share child-care responsibilities is linked to many positive child outcomes.
Effect of daycare in poor quality care
especially in long hours, score lower in cognitive and social skills and higher in behavior problems
What style do parents typically show?
a dominant style (but may not be completely consistent)
The more inconsistent, often the more difficulty
Two parents / different styles
The greater the discrepancy, the greater the difficulty
Parenting style tends to shift toward being less demanding (more permissive) during adolescence and into adulthood
the role of the family as a social system (social systems perspective)
a complex set of interacting relationships influenced by the larger social context. Family members mutually influence each other. Connections to the community provide social support that promotes effective family interaction and child development
The effect of child abuse
impaired in the development of attachment, emotional self-regulation, empathy and sympathy, self-concept, social skills and academic motivation. More likely to suffer central nervous system damage.
Physical abuse
Assults, 18%
Sexual abuse
Fondiling, intercourse, exhibitionism, commercial exploitation through prostitution, 10%
neglect
failure to meet a childs basic needs, 78%
emotional abuse
acts that could cause serious mental or behavioral disorders, including social isolation, repeated unreasonable demands, ridicule, humiliation, intimidation, or terrorizing, 9%
functional play
simple, receptive motor movements with or without objects, especially common during the first two years.
ex: running around a room, rolling a car back and forth, kneading clay with no intents to make something
constructive play
creating of construction something, especially common between 3 and 6 years
ex: making a house out of toy blocks, drawing a picture, putting together a puzzle
make-believe play
acting out everyday and imaginary roles, especially common between years 2 and 6
ex: playing house, acting out television characters
games with rules
understanding and following rules in play activities
ex: playing board games, cards ect
non social activity
unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play
parallel play
limited form of social participation in which a child plays near other children or with the same materials, but does not influence their behavior
associative play
children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one anothers behavior
cooperative play
a more advanced type of interaction where children orient towards a goal
rough and tumble play
friendly chasing and play-fighting
development of friendship, 3rd grade
Parent conformity high
Peer conformity low
development of friendship, 6th grade
Peer/parent influences were no longer in conflict.
Conformity increased but parental/peer influence in different areas.
development of friendship, 9th grade
Parent/peer influences direct opposites again
Conformity increased in social behavior
Attempt to gain independence
Peer Influence
Good peer relations important for normal social development.
Conformity occurs when individuals adopt attitudes or behavior of others because of real or imagined pressure
Negative (language, stealing etc)
Positive (where to go to college)
Peer Status
popular, rejected, controversial, neglected, and average
Popular
frequently nominated as best friend
rarely disliked
Tend to listen to others/ maintain communication
Are happy
Show enthusiasm and concern for others
Are self-confident without being conceited
Generally, well-adjusted
Rejected
infrequently nominated as best friend actively disliked Tend to have serious adjustment problems Are not happy May or may not be aggressive If aggressive (Rejected Aggressive); often disruptive, impulsive, more likely to drop-out or be delinquent. May be a bully. If not aggressive (Rejected Withdrawn); may show high degree of shyness and lack social skills. Often may be a target of a bully
Neglected
infrequently nominated
rarely disliked
Often isolated and overlooked…generally ignored by most peers
Generally poor social skills
Often shows high degree of shyness
Generally not aggressive, pretty much does their own thing
Will have difficulty dating and interpersonal relationships
May not be able to get into a clique
Controversial
frequently nominated
actively disliked
Generally good social skills but may be somewhat conceited
Often have some sort of a leadership or higher status position within a subgroup (clique)
Tend to be outgoing
Average/normal
Average “Normal”
Some nominations / both liked & disliked
Don’t fit any category
Accounts for about 1/3 of kids
Often involved in a clique but as a mid-level person.
Peer Pressure
focuses on obvious aspects of peer culture, such as dress and participation in social activities
Peer conformity
greater during adolescence that during childhood and early adulthood. Complex process that varies with age, current situation, need for social approval, and culture
How does TV affect children
associated with family, peer, and health difficulties. TV violence promotes hostile thoughts and emotions, aggression, and a violent world view. TV also conveys ethnic and gender stereotypes. Overweight and materialism can also be results
How does educational tv affect children
promote children’s cognitive and academic skills, emotional and social understanding, and pro-social behavior. But heavy viewing distracts from reading time, school success, and social experiences
computers and development
educational benefits include word processing for writing and online information gathering- activities that promote literacy progress and reading achievement
smaller classes in the early elementary promotes
lasting gains of academic achievement
smaller high schools promote
social support and greater school engagement
traditional classrooms have a slight edge in acedemic achievement over
constructivist classrooms
constructivist
who are advantaged in critical thinking, social and moral maturity, and positive attitudes towards school
social-constructivist
benefit both cognitively and socially from collaboration with teachers and peers
