Chapter 5

Question 1

Cephalocaudal Principle of Development:

Answer 1

The upper portion of the body develops quicker than the lower part of the body

Some Examples:
Infant can use upper body parts before lower body parts.
Head control before sitting up or walking.
Mouth manipulation before hand manipulation.
Greater upper body strength before lower body.

Question 2

Newborn’s head represents about ___ of total body length

Answer 2

1/4

Question 3

Adult’s head represents about ___ of total body length

Answer 3

1/7

Question 4

Proximodistal Principle of Development:

Answer 4

The middle part of the body develops quicker than the outer part of the body.
Some Examples:
Newborn’s trunk more developed than limbs.
Well coordinated Shoulder movement before arm movement.
Well coordinated arm movement before hand movement.

Question 5

Orthogenetic Principle (Hierarchical Integration)

Answer 5

Growth proceeds from a global undifferentiated mass to a series of discrete parts which become integrated and coordinated with one another.

Question 6

Target seeking principle (catch up growth)

Answer 6

The final level of physical growth is only minimally affected by environmental factors

Nutrition, viruses, sickness, etc. may have strong temporary effects… but if deficiency is alleviated, growth will occur rapidly to compensate for the loss.

Question 7

Functional Asymmetry Principle

Answer 7

The development of the body (left-right) is not symmetrical…

What develops on the left does not necessarily develop on the right and vice versa.

Question 8

Functional Asymmetry Principle: handedness

Answer 8

Infant (B-2yrs)… Ambidextrous
End of 2nd year… Shows preference for Right or Left
4-5 years… Preference is used in most situations

Question 9

Functional Asymmetry Principle: brain lateralization

Answer 9

Brain Lateralization:
Newborn Infant… very little differentiation between right and left hemisphere
During first 6 months… specialization occurs in left and right hemispheres
Left… analytical/logic, verbal, language
Right… perception, intuition, artistic
If damaged before 6 months… after 6 months

Question 10

self regulating fluctuation principle

Answer 10

Development does not proceed at an even pace… one system may show very rapid growth while other systems do not.

Question 11

self regulating fluctuation principle examples

Answer 11

Difference periods of rapid growth during prenatal development
Newborn reflexes
Puberty

Question 12

pituitary gland

Answer 12

release the most important hormones for human growth. It is located at the base of the brain near the hypothalamus. The hormones act directly on body tissue to induce growth, or they stimulate the release of other hormones from endocrine glands located elsewhere

Question 13

growth hormone

Answer 13

the only pituitary secreation produced continuously throughout life, affects development of all tissues except the central nervous system and genitals. This doubles during puberty

Question 14

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer 14

promotes the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size

Question 15

estrogen

Answer 15

female hormone

Question 16

androgens

Answer 16

male hormone

Question 17

secular trends in physical growth

Answer 17

changes in body size from one generation to the next

Question 18

neurons

Answer 18

nerve cells that store and transmit information

Question 19

synapses

Answer 19

tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch

Question 20

neurotransmitters

Answer 20

neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters, which cross synapses

Question 21

programmed cell death

Answer 21

as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die- 20 to 80 percent, depending on the brain region

Question 22

glial cells

Answer 22

responsible for myelination

Question 23

myelination

Answer 23

the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of message transfer

Question 24

glial cells multiply rapidly from

Answer 24

the fourth month of pregnancy through the second year of life

Question 25

size of brain at birth

Answer 25

30%

Question 26

size of brain at 2 years

Answer 26

70%

Question 27

synaptic pruning

Answer 27

when neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their synapses. Its a process that returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

Question 28

cerebral cortex

Answer 28

surrounds the rest of the brain, largest brain structure, 85% of the brains weight, contains the most neurons and synapses

Question 29

lateralization

Answer 29

specialization of the two hemispheres, it permits a wider array of functions to be carried out effectively

Question 30

brain plasticity

Answer 30

high capacity for learning, if a part is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks it would have handled. Most in the first few years than it ever will be again

Question 31

reticular formation

Answer 31

structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness

Question 32

hippocampus

Answer 32

plays a vital role in memory

Question 33

amygdala

Answer 33

central role in processing emotional information

Question 34

corpus callosum

Answer 34

large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 35

experience-expectant brain growth

Answer 35

1st type of brain development
the young brains rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences- opportunities to interact with ppl, hear language and other sounds, see and touch objects and move about and explore the environment

Question 36

experience-dependent brain growth

Answer 36

occurs throughout our lives. It consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures

Question 37

nutrition

Answer 37

especially crucial during the first two years because the babies brain and body are growing so rapidly

Question 38

breastfeeding

Answer 38

recommended until 2 years of age. 6 to 14 times more likely to survive the first year of life

Question 39

diet at 1 year

Answer 39

should include all the basic food groups

Question 40

what percentage of the worlds children suffer from malnutrition?

Answer 40

27%

Question 41

what percentage of US children and adolescents are overweight? Obese?

Answer 41

32%, 17%. Overweight children are less physically active than their normal weight peers. Physical attractiveness is a powerful predictor of social acceptance.

Question 42

adolescence a period of storm and stress?

Answer 42

eating disorders, depression, suicide, and lawbreaking occur more often, but the overall rate of serious psychological disturbance rises only about 3%

Question 43

puberty, girls

Answer 43

generally react with mixed emotions, those who receive advanced information react better

Question 44

puberty, boys

Answer 44

receive less social support than girls and react with mixed feelings

Question 45

whats associated with adolescents negative mood

Answer 45

higher hormone levels, negative life events, sleep loss, and asult structured situations

Question 46

parent-adolescent conflict

Answer 46

distancing between parent and child at puberty may be a modern substitute for physical departure from the home, also reflects teenagers new powers of reasoning and efforts by their parents to protect teenagers from risky situations

Question 47

puberty

Answer 47

changes in primary and secondary characteristics accompany rapid body growth