Chapter 4 Flashcards
Learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.
Classical Conditioning
Type of Learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
Example: A hungry baby stops crying when mother picks her up because she has learned to associate being picked up with eating
Operant Conditioning
Type of Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences
Example: An infant learns that smiling brings positive attention so they smile more.
Habituation
Decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
Example: A toy that initially elicited excitement, no longer produces that response after seeing it several more times
Imitation
Learning by copying the behavior of another person
Example: When dad repeatedly sticks out his tongue at his infant, the infant eventually sticks his tongue out at his dad.
Earliest Memory Recognition for auditory
1 month
Earliest Memory Recognition for visual
2 months
Complex associations
Classical Conditioning involves the integration of multiple associations. This may be difficult for the newborn.
Age of disappearance: Eye blink
permanent
Age of disappearance: Rooting
3 weeks
Age of disappearance: Sucking
replaced by voluntary sucking after 4 months
Age of disappearance: Swimming
4-6 months
Age of disappearance: Moro
6 months
Age of disappearance: Palmar grasp
3-4 months
Age of disappearance: Tonic Neck
4 months
Age of disappearance: Stepping
2 months in infants who gain weight quickly, longer for others
Age of disappearance: Babinski
8-12 months
Infants state of arousal: Regular, or NREM sleep
8-9 hours
the infant is at full rest and shows little or no body activity. The eyelids are closed, no eye movements occurs, the face is relaxed, and breathing is slow and regular
Infants state of arousal: Irregular, or REM sleep
8-9 hours
Gentle limb movements, occasional stirring, and facial grimacing occur. Although the eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Breathing is irregular
Infants state of arousal: Drowsiness
Time varies
The infant is either falling asleep of waking up. Body is less active than in irregular sleep but more active than in regular sleep. The eyes open and close; when open, they have a glazed look. Breathing is even but somewhat faster than in regular sleep
Infants state of arousal: Quiet alertness
2-3 hours
The infants body is relatively inactive, with eyes open and attentive. Breathing is even.
Infants state of arousal: waking activity and crying
1-4 hours
The infant shows frequent bursts of uncoordinated body activity. Breathing is very regular; face may be relaxed or tense and wrinkled
least developed sense at birth
vision, visual structured in the eyes and brain are not fully formed
vision at 2 months
infants can focus on objects about as well as adults
vision at 4 months
color discrimination is adult like
vision at 6 months
20/80
vision at 4 years
20/20
scanning and tracking
slow and inaccurate, but after the first half a year they can control it better
depth perception
around the first time they can crawl, most distinguish seep from shallow surfaces and avoid drop offs
contrast sensitivity
around 2 months, when detection of dine-grained detail has improved, infants become sensitive to the greater contrast in complex patterns and spend more time looking at them
face perception
their ability to distinguish real faces is limited, as newborns prefer photos of faces with eyes open and a direct gaze
touch, taste, smell, and hearing
all well developed at birth
