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Child development > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Type of Learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
Example: A hungry baby stops crying when mother picks her up because she has learned to associate being picked up with eating

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3
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Type of Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences
Example: An infant learns that smiling brings positive attention so they smile more.

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4
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
Example: A toy that initially elicited excitement, no longer produces that response after seeing it several more times

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5
Q

Imitation

A

Learning by copying the behavior of another person
Example: When dad repeatedly sticks out his tongue at his infant, the infant eventually sticks his tongue out at his dad.

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6
Q

Earliest Memory Recognition for auditory

A

1 month

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7
Q

Earliest Memory Recognition for visual

A

2 months

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8
Q

Complex associations

A

Classical Conditioning involves the integration of multiple associations. This may be difficult for the newborn.

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9
Q

Age of disappearance: Eye blink

A

permanent

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10
Q

Age of disappearance: Rooting

A

3 weeks

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11
Q

Age of disappearance: Sucking

A

replaced by voluntary sucking after 4 months

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12
Q

Age of disappearance: Swimming

A

4-6 months

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13
Q

Age of disappearance: Moro

A

6 months

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14
Q

Age of disappearance: Palmar grasp

A

3-4 months

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15
Q

Age of disappearance: Tonic Neck

A

4 months

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16
Q

Age of disappearance: Stepping

A

2 months in infants who gain weight quickly, longer for others

17
Q

Age of disappearance: Babinski

A

8-12 months

18
Q

Infants state of arousal: Regular, or NREM sleep

A

8-9 hours
the infant is at full rest and shows little or no body activity. The eyelids are closed, no eye movements occurs, the face is relaxed, and breathing is slow and regular

19
Q

Infants state of arousal: Irregular, or REM sleep

A

8-9 hours
Gentle limb movements, occasional stirring, and facial grimacing occur. Although the eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Breathing is irregular

20
Q

Infants state of arousal: Drowsiness

A

Time varies
The infant is either falling asleep of waking up. Body is less active than in irregular sleep but more active than in regular sleep. The eyes open and close; when open, they have a glazed look. Breathing is even but somewhat faster than in regular sleep

21
Q

Infants state of arousal: Quiet alertness

A

2-3 hours

The infants body is relatively inactive, with eyes open and attentive. Breathing is even.

22
Q

Infants state of arousal: waking activity and crying

A

1-4 hours
The infant shows frequent bursts of uncoordinated body activity. Breathing is very regular; face may be relaxed or tense and wrinkled

23
Q

least developed sense at birth

A

vision, visual structured in the eyes and brain are not fully formed

24
Q

vision at 2 months

A

infants can focus on objects about as well as adults

25
Q

vision at 4 months

A

color discrimination is adult like

26
Q

vision at 6 months

A

20/80

27
Q

vision at 4 years

A

20/20

28
Q

scanning and tracking

A

slow and inaccurate, but after the first half a year they can control it better

29
Q

depth perception

A

around the first time they can crawl, most distinguish seep from shallow surfaces and avoid drop offs

30
Q

contrast sensitivity

A

around 2 months, when detection of dine-grained detail has improved, infants become sensitive to the greater contrast in complex patterns and spend more time looking at them

31
Q

face perception

A

their ability to distinguish real faces is limited, as newborns prefer photos of faces with eyes open and a direct gaze

32
Q

touch, taste, smell, and hearing

A

all well developed at birth

Child development (11 decks)

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