Test 3 Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
zygote
A
the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes
2
Q
blastula
A
a hollow ball of cells that marks the end of cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals
3
Q
blastoceol
A
fluid filled cavity that forms in the center of a blastula
4
Q
gastrulation
A
a process that the blastula forms germ layers (gastrula)
5
Q
gastrula
A
embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
6
Q
archenteron
A
the endoderm lined cavitym formed during gastrulation that develops into the digestive tract of an animal
7
Q
blastopore
A
- in a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron;
- develops into the anus in deuterostomes;
- develops into the mouth in protostomes
8
Q
Hox genes
A
a group of genes that provide positional information in an animal embryo
9
Q
body plan
A
a particular set of morphological and developmental traits, integrated into a functional whole - the living organism
10
Q
parazoa
A
cells but no true tissues, function more like colocial organisms, sponges
11
Q
eumetazoa
A
animals with true cell specialization and tissues
12
Q
semmetry
A
describes how the parts of an animal are arranged around a point/axis
13
Q
asymmetrical
A
absence of a central point
14
Q
radial symmentry
A
multiple planes can be drawn through central axis to create mirror imaged halves
15
Q
bilateral symmetry
A
a central longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite halves (mirror image halves)
16
Q
cephalization
A
the formation of a distinct head
17
Q
anterior
A
toward the front
18
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posterior
A
toward the back
19
Q
cranial/cephalic
A
toward the head end
20
Q
caudal
A
toward the tail end
21
Q
ventral
A
bell side (underside)
22
Q
dorsal
A
backside
23
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medial
A
near or toward the mid-line
24
Q
lateral
A
away from the mid-line
25
superior
above a point of reference
26
inferior
below a point of reference
27
distal
farthest from an attached point
28
proximal
closest to attached point
29
sagittal plane
divides the body into right and left parts
30
frontal (coronal) plane
divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts
31
transverse (cross section) plane
a section perpendicular to a long axis of a body or limb
32
germ layer
layers in a gastrula that will form the various tissues and organs of an animal body
33
ectoderm
* outer germ layer; Diploblastic - giver rise to outer covering and nervous tissue;
* triploblastic - gives rise to integumentary (hair, nails, epithelium) and nervous tissue
34
mesoderm
* middle germ layer;
* Triploblastic - gives rise to muscular, skeletal, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems
35
endoderm
* inner germ layer;
* Diploblastic - gives rise to inner covering and forms lining of digestive structures;
* Triploblastic - forms the epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts, as well as parts of the liver and pancreas
36
diploblastic development
animals develop two tissue layers
37
triploblastic development
animals develop three germ layers
38
coelom
* body cavity;
* a fluid filled cavity in which internal organs can be suspended and separated from the body wall
39
coelomates
body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
40
pseudocoelomates
body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm
41
acoelomates
animals without body cavity
42
parazoa
loosley arranged cells but no true tissues
43
eumetazoa
animals with true cell specialization and tissues
44
protostomes
* animals whose blastopore (first opening to the outside) develops into the mouth;
* spiral arrangement=spiral cleavage; determinate cleavage
45
lophotrochozoa
platyhelminthes; mulluscs, annelids
46
ecdysozoa
(animals that molt) nematodes and arthropods
47
deuterostomes
* the blastopore develops into the anus and the mouth is derived from the secondary opening; divisious are either parallel or at a right angels to the vertical axis = radial cleavage ;
* have indeterminate cleavage; inclues echinodermata and chordata (tunicates, lancelets, vertebrates)
48
anatomy
is the biological form of an organism
49
phyiology
is the biological functions an organism preforms
50
epithelial tissue
* covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body; contains cells that are closely joined; the shape of epithelial cells may be cuboidal (like dice), columnar (like bricks on end), or squamous (like floor times);
* the arrangment of epithelial cells may be simple (single cell layer), stratified (multiple tiers of cells), or pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying length)
51
connective tissue
* unique to animilia;
* connective tissue mainly blinds and supports other tissues;
* contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout and extracellular matrix; the matrix consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation
* three types all made of protein: collegenous fibers provide strength and flexibility, reticular fibers join connective tissue to adjacent tissues, elastic fibers stretch and snap back to their original length;
* connective tissue contains cells: fibroblast that secrete the protein of extracellular fibers, macrophages that are involved in the immune system;
* the fibers and foundation combine to form 6 major types of connective tissue
* loose connective (underlying tissues and holds organs in place)
* fibrous connective tissue (tendons)
* bone
* adipose tissue (fat)
* blood
* cartilage
52
muscle tissue
* responsible for nearly all types of body movement; consist of filaments of the proteins actin and mysoin, which together enable muscles to contract;
* divided in the vertebrate body into three types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
53
nervous tissue
* functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information = communication;
* contains: neurons, or nerve celles, that transmit nerve impulse;
* clial cells (or neuroglia) support cells
54
tissues
make up organs
55
organs
make up organ systems
56
regulator
uses internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
57
endotherms
have homeostatic mechanisms for regulating body temperature within a narrow range
58
conformer
allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
59
ectotherms
body temperature depends to a large extent on the temperature of the environment
60
homeostasis
organisms use this to maintain a "steady state" or internal balance regardless of external environment
61
negative feedback
homeostasis in animals relies largely on this, which helps to return a variable to a normal range
62
positive feedback
amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
63
invertebrates
animals that lack a backbone
64
Parazoa
phylum Porifera (sponges)
65
Subkingdom Eumetazoa
* diploblasts;
* have true tissues
* Subkindgom to animilia
* IE phylum Cnidaria (jelly fish, box jellies, corals, sea anemones, hydras);
* IE phylum Ctenophores (comb jellies)
66
Eumetazoa
* triploblasts;
* lophotrochozoa branch: phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms), phylum Mollusca (bivalves, snails, and squid), phylum Annelida (some marine worms, earthworms, and leeches), phylum Rotifera (rotifers);
* Ecdysozoa branch: phylum Nematoda (roundworms); phylum Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, arachnids)
67
porifera
* pore bearing;
* asymmetrical;
* multicellular;
* no organs, appendages, nervous or sensory system;
* contains spicules, silica or spongin (protein);
* reporduction asexual by budding or sexual by egges and sperm, larva ciliated and free-swimming
68
spicules
crystalline internal skeleton of porifera made from calcium carbonate
69
spongin
internal skeleton of porifera made of flexible protein fibers
70
ostia
small pores that incoming water passes through into central cavity
71
oscula (osculum)
large opening(s) for water outlet. can range from one to several
72
choanocytes
collar cells with flagella that maintain a current of water through the canals
73
asconoid
(ascon) flagellated spongocoels
74
spongocoels
a large central cavity connect to dermal pores
75
syconoid
(sycon) flagellatedcanals
76
leuconoids
(leucon) flagellated chambers
77
epidermal cells
(pinacocytes) thin flat epithelial type cells
78
choanocytes/collar cells
cells with on end embedded in the mesohyl and the other exposed. the exposed end bears the flagella surrounded by a collar of finger-like projections
79
amoebocytes
cells that move about the mesohyl via pseudopodia
80
suspension feeders
feed by filtering out particles suspended in water that passes through their body
81
monoecious
both male and female reproductive parts in one individual
82
dioecious
having male and female reproductive parts on different individuals of the same species - separate sexes
83
budding
external buds that detach or remain to form colonies
84
gemmules
dormant encapsulated amoebocytes that are produced during unfavorable conditions
85
Phylum Cnidaria
* radial symmetry;
* two types of body forms polyp or medusa
* diploblastic
* special cells
* nerve net;
* muscular system/hydrostatic skeleton; reproduction (asexual and/or sexual);
* exchange by diffusion;
* four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa
86
coelenteron
gastrovascular cavity but no organs
87
polyp
tublar form that is adapted to be sessile. tentacles are around the mouth end`
88
medusa
bell or umbrella-shaped form that is free swimming. lower concave side is the oral surface and the upper convex is the aboral surface. tentacles arise from oral side
89
diploblastic
two definite tissue layers, ectoderm and endoderm
90
cniocyte
stinging cells contain a nemotocyst
91
nemotocyst
capsule-like orgaelle containing a coiled thread
92
epitheliomuscular cells
* makes up most of the epidermis in Cnidaria;
* have a protective and contractile function which act against the hydrostatic skeleton
93
nerve net
irregular network of nerves connecting sensory cells in the body wall to contractile cells
94
hydrostatic skeleton
* fluid filled cavity surrounded by muscles
* skeletal system composed of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
95
planula
zygote that may be brooded for a time or quickly form a free simming larva
96
Hydrozoa
* Class
* Phylum Cnidaria
* hydras, Obelia, Portugues man-of-war; mainly marine (some freshwater);
* alternate between poylp and medusa (polyp form on in hydra);
* some form colonial
97
hydranths
* feeding polyps;
* that do not detach to the colony grows
98
gonangia
* reproductive polyps;
* produce free-swimming medusa by budding within the gonangia;
* medusa will leave the colony, mature and produce gamtes
99
Scyphozoa
* Class
* Phylum Cnidaria
* jellyfish
* free-swimming medusa most prominent form
* Geniun Aurelia; sense organs (balance and photoreception in the edge of the bell), mouth with oral arms (help bring prey to mouth)
100
Cubozoa
* Class
* Phylum Cnidaria
* most poisonous
* almost square/cubical
* 4 tentacle or group of tentacles
101
Anthozoa
* Class
* Phylum Cnidaria
* general: individual or colonial polyps (no free-swimming medusa stage), gastrovascular cavity is large and partitioned by septa, tentacles arranged around the mouth
* sea anemones: polyps found coastal around the world, attach to submerged substrate by pedal discs, cylinder with crown of tentacles around mouth, castrovascular cavity is divided by septa, fertilization is external or inside the gastrovascular cavity, asexual reproduction occurs by pedal laceration
102
Phylum Ctenophora
* comb bearing
* diploblast
* no stinging cells (nematocysts)
* bioluminescence
* name originates from the eight rows of ciliated comb-like plates for locomotion
* monoecious
103
lophotroochozoan
* widest range of animal body form
* bilaterian (have bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development)
* most have a coelom and a digestive tract with 2 openings
* includes: Platyhelminthes, Mullusca, Annelida, Rotifera
* clade was identified by molecular data
* some develop a lophophore for feeding, others pass through a tochophoe larval stage, and some have neither feature
104
lophophore
ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth
105
trochophore
top-shaped larva that characterizes two of the major phylums mulluscs and annelids
106
Phylum Platyhelminthes
* triploblastic
* bilateral symmetry
* cephalization
* acoelomate
* osmoregulation/excretory (protonephridia)
* nervous system; pair of anterior ganglia; simple sense structures (ocelli, statocysts, rheoreceptors, chemoreceptors)
* no respiratory, circulatory, or skeletal system
* reproduction is asexual (binary fission or budding) or sexual (internal fertilization)
* muscular system with fibers that run circularly, longitudinally, diagonally and some may cross through the body from one side to the other
* not complete digestive system; mouth spills digestive enzymes on prey and sucks into the pharynx; particles are taken into gastrodermal cells for intracellurlar digestion; undigested food is digested through the pharynx
107
triploblastic
* three germ layers
* ectoderm epidermis - outer tissue
* mesoderm parenchyma - middle tissue
* endoderm gastrodermis - inner tissue
108
cephalization
definite anterior and posterior ends with sensory organs in the head
109
protonephridia
* canal with tubules that end in flame cells/bulbs. cilia of the flames cells force the fluid through the tubes which lead to collecting duets that open to the outside by pores
* urinary/excretory system
110
ganglia
dense cluster of nerve cells
111
ocelli
light-sensitive eyespots
112
statocysts
sense structure equilibrium and gravity
113
rheoreceptors
sense water current
114
chemoreceptors
smell and touch receptors found in the auricles
115
auricles
sensory lobes which help with food detection
116
Class Turbellaria
* flatworms (planaria)
* free living (marine, fresh water, damp terrestrial habitats)
* catch prey or feed on dead material
* ciliated ventral body covering that contains cells that secrete a protective mucus layer around the body
* moves by muscular movements of body along slime layer and cilia on ventral surface
* phyarynx extrudes from body
* hermphrodites and copulating mates typically cross fertilized each other
117
Class Trematoda
* flukes
* almost all adults are endoparasistes of vertebrates and are adapted for this life style
* mature fluke live in blood vessels of human intestine; blood flukes reproduces sexually in human host and fertilize eggs exit the feces; feces contaminate water source and eggs develop into ciliated larvae; larva infect intermediate host and reproduce asexually creating a second type of motile larva; this larva penetrates skin and blood vessels of humans working in fields irrigated with water contaminated with fluke larvae
* may have penetration glands, cyst producing glands, structures of adhesion, and increased reproductive capacity
* specialized anterior (for eating) and ventral (for attachement) suckers
118
Class Cestoda
* tapeworms
* strobila made of proglottids
* lack mouth and gastrovascular cavity, microvilli for absorption of nutrients across body surface
* monoecious/hermaphrodite
* scolex; has suckers and hooks
* life cycle is complex with at least two hosts with the adult a parasite and a vertebrate digestive tract
* fertilized eggs released in host feces; contaminated water of intermediate host (pig); larvae in muscle of host; eat under cooked meat and infected with tapeworm
119
proglottids
* segments
* tapeworms long flat bodies made of reproductive units
120
stobila
the main body formed from chain of proglottids
121
scolex
anterior end (head) for holding on to the host and eating
122
Phylum Rotifera
* wheel bearer; name comes from the corona (crown) of beating cilia around the mouth
* small, 50 micrometers to 2 mm. many not bigger than members of protista
* multicellular with a shape that is correlated to their life style; swimmers/creepers-wormlike or elongated; floaters-globular and saclike; sessile - vaselike
* body is made up of a head, trunk and a foot; head bears the corona which circulates food into the mouth; mouth opens into a modified pharynx; pharynx is equipped with jaws; trunk contains the visceral organs; foot is the segmented terminal end and contains toes that secrete a sticky fluid from the pedal glands
* cell constant
* ganglionic (brain) with sense organs like eyespots and nerves; similar to flatworms
* complete digestion; alimentary canal;internal organs lie with the pseudocoelom
* reproduction; dioecious; males are not seen in many species; reproduces via parthenogenesis; sexual can occur in unfavorable conditions
123
alimentary canal
a digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus
124
parthenogenesis
form of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs (don't go through meiosis to produce eggs)
125
open circulatory system
system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid
126
closed circulatory system
system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid (fluid in the body cavity)
127
blood
fluid, circulating connective tissue that transports nutrients and other materials through the bodies of many types of animals
128
hemolymph
the fluid that bathes the tissues in animals with an open circulatory system
129
exoskeleton
hard encasement on the surface of an animal that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles
130
endoskeleton
hard skeleton buried within the soft tissue of an animal
131
Phylum Mollusca
* second most diverse phylum
* triploblast
* soft bodies
* bilateral symmetry 3 tissue layers
* coelomic cavity - cavity that is lined with mesoderm, organs attached to the cavity by membranes called mesentery, the coelom is generally reduced to small compartments around certain organs including the heart, gills and excretory organs
* foot
* vesceral mass
* mantle
* radula
* nervous system; pair of cerebral, pleural, pedal and visceral ganglia with nerve cords; sense organs of touch, smell, taste, equilibrium, and vision; camera eye in cephalopods
* open circulatory system (except cephalopoda); gas exchange via gills, lungs, mantle or body surface
* excretion: one or two metanephridia
* reproduction: sexual (usually dioecious); most marine mullusk pass through one or more larval stages
132
foot
* broad muscular structure used for locomotion and usually located ventrally
* organs concentrated in a visceral mass located above the foot
133
visceral mass
mass above foot where the body organs are located
134
mantle
a thin sheet of tissue that covers the visceral mass usually contains glands that secrete a shell. generally overhangs the visceral mass, forming a mantle cavity that contains gills and other structures
135
radula
rasp-like structure which is a belt of teeth in the mouth region used for scraping and feeding
136
metanephridia
is a ciliated tubule with a funnel at one end that removes waste from the fluid in the coelom. waste is discharged at the other end out a pore or into the mantle cavity
137
trophophore larva
free swimming, ciliated, top-shaped larva
138
veliger larva
larva with a shell, foot, and mantle (only in molluscs)
139
Class Polyplacophora
* "many plates"; chitons
* oval shaped and bears eight overlapping plates
* small animal that are found on rocky intertidal regions; clings to rocks with the broad flat foot and feed with its radula
* mantle forms a girdle around the margin of plates; gills are located between the mantle and the foot
* lack eyes and have a reduced head
140
Class Gastropoda
* "stomach foot"; snals, whels, conchs, slugs, nudibranchs
* largest and most diverse of the mullusc classes one shell, univalve, or no shell; most are marine but also fresh water and terrestrial
* well developed head and anterior end; two simple eyes may be located on stalks that extend from the head
* broad flat foot for creeping
* gills in aquatic mollusks; land snails have a highly vascularized mantle that acts like a lung
* torsion; as the bilateral larva develops one side of the visceral mass grows more rabidly that the other side; results in rotation of the visceral mass
* as a result digestion is U-shaped and anus comes to lie above the head and gill, fouling
* torsion is an adaptation that protects the head by allowing it to enter the shell first during withdrawal?
141
pulmonate
highly vascularized mantle that acts like a lung in land snales
142
torsion
a twisting of the visceral mass
143
Class Bivalvia
* "two shells"; clams, oyster, mussels, scallops, and their relatives
* valves are closed by the abductor muscle (anterior and posterior) that work in opposition to hinge ligament
* contain gills; filter feeders and water brings in food and oxygen; water flows through the organism via incurrent and excurrent siphons
* locomotion is by the muscular foot for digging (most are sedentary, some burrow)
* reproduction - separate sexes with external fertilization
* open circulatory system
144
Class Cephalopoda
* "head foot"; nautili, squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish
* no shell in most octopi, reduced in squid, internal in cuttlefish, and external coiled in nautilus
* closed circulatory
* camera eye is well developed with lens, retina, and chamber
* fast swimming predators; foot divided into tentacles and arms covered with suckers or teeth like structures (octopi 8 arms, squid 8 arms 2 tentacles)
* mouth has a radula as well as two horny beak-like jaws (all are poisonous with poison in salivary glands within beak)
* siphon for propulsion
* chromatophores
* ink sac
* separate sexes=dioecious
* gills for respiration
145
chromatophore
pigment cells that can change color to confuse their enemy; ability to mimic via changing shape and color
146
Phylum Anelida
* bilateral symmetry;
* true coelom;
* segmented
* hydrostatic skeleton and muscular system
* satae
* closed circulatory system
* complete digestive system (mouth and anus)
* nervous system: double ventral nerve cord with a brain composed of a dorsal cerebral ganglia; sensory structures for taste, tactile, photoreception (eyes)
* ecretory system: uses metanephridia; paired and located in each segment
* reproduction: sexual or asexual (fragmentation folloed by regeneration); sexes hermaphroditic or separate
* respiration by diffusion through cutaneous respiration
147
segmented
structures repeat in segments
148
setae
chitinous extensions found as bristles or with parapodia
149
metanephridia
excretory organ that consists of tubules connecting ciliated internal openings to eternal opening
150
cutaneous respiration
respiratory pores in Annilida
151
Class Polychaeta
* "many bristles" sand worm, tubeworms
* parapodia
* differentiated head formed with sensory organs
* clitellum NOT present
* dioecious with external fertilization
152
Parapodia
* side feet
* paired paddle-like appendages on most segments with many setae on each
153
Class Oligochaeta
* "few bristles", earthworm
* cuticle (outer covering) that has unicellular glands that produce mucus
* complete digestive system with crop and gizzard
* reproduction: hermaphorditic; ventral surface come together in opposite directions; held together by mucus; sperm passed to cemial vesicle of each worm=they exchange sperm; after copulation clitellum secretes a mucus cocoon that passes down the body anteriorly picking up eggs and sperm; fertilization takes place in a the cocoon and the cocoon is released into the soil; can reproduce asexually by fragmentation followed by regeneration
* Circulation: closed system 5 hearts located dorsally; respiration via moist cuticle
154
crop
thin walled food storage sac
155
gizzard
thick walled muscular grinding organ
156
clitellum
thickend granular section of body wall that secretes sac in which eggs and sperm are deposited for fertilization
157
Class Hirudinea
* leeches
* no setae or parapodia
* 2 suckers(1 for eating one for attachment)
* coelom filled with tissue and uscle so hydrostatic skeleton reduced •secrete anesthetic so host doesn't feel attack
* secrete hirudin which prevents blood from clotting
* flattened dorsoventrally so not round like other annelids
* hermaphroditic but practice cross-fertilization with transfer of sperm and formation of a cocoon (clitellum is only evedent during the breeding season)
* medical leeches used in hospital for treatment of hematoma
158
Ecdysozoa Group
* molting=ecdysis
* shed tough external coat (cuticle): non-cellular body covering actively secreted by epidermis
159
phylum Nematoda
* (roundworms)
* ascaris, hookworms, pinworms
* unsegmented
* complete digestion
* triploblast
* bilateral symmetry
* pseudocoelomate
* most paracitic
* male is smaller hook at the end
160
Phylum Arthropoda
* "jointed feet"
* bilateral symmetry; three germ layers; coelomates
* body segmented and jointed externally: insects - head, thorax, abdomen; crustacean, horseshoe crab, arachnids - head and cephalothorax •jointed appendages •skeleton: hardened exoskeleton
* Muscles: striated skeletal and smooth muscle,usually capable of rapid action.
* Digestive System: complete
* Open CirculatorySystem
* Respiration: body surface or crustaceans: gills; insects: tracheae; spiders: book lungs
* Excretion: crustaceans: green glands; insects/spiders: Malpighian tubules
* Nervous System: sensory organs include antennae and sensory hairs (tactile and chemoreceptors), simple and compound eyes, auditory organs.
* Reproduction: sexes separate, male and female often unlike; fertilization mostly internal; usually one to several larval stages and gradual or abrupt metamorphosis to adult form - complete metamorphosis or incomplete/gradual metamorphosis
161
cephalothorax
•head and thorax are fused to form
162
Jointed Appendages
body attachments, each with many orfew hinge joints
163
tracheae
air ducts
164
spiracles
tracheae (air ducts) and breath through openings in the cuticle
165
complete metamorphosis
•egg into larva into pupa into adult •transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and often functions very differently in its environment, than the larva
166
incomplete/gradual metamorphosis:
egg into nymph into adult
167
Subphylum Chelicerata
* horseshoe crab, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
* Distinct cephalothorax and abdomen with appendages. (NO antennae)
* Mouth parts and digestive tract mainly suited for sucking; some with poison glands
* Respiration by book lungs, trachea, or book gills
* by Malpighian tubules, glands, or both.
* Dorsal ganglia (brain) and nerve cord with paired ganglia and nerves. Eyes usually simple; tactile hairs or bristles
* Sexes separate, usually internal fertilization, sex opening usually anterior on abdomen
* Chiefly terrestrial and solitary. May be predaceous or parasitic
168
Class Merostomata
* horseshoe crabs
* Only five species left of this ancient marine group
* Large carapace and spine-like telson
* Feed on worms and soft mollusks.
* Not harmful to humans. Tail used for locomotion only.
169
Telson
rearmost segment of body
170
Class Arachnida
* spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whip scorpions, ticks and mites
* Spiders Distinguishing Features: Chelicerae; Pedipalps; Book Lungs; Spinnerets; Malpighian tubules
* Scorpions distinguishing features: Short cephalothorax which bears all the appendages; Divided abdomen, preabdomen and postabdomen which ends in stinging tail; Carry young on their back until their first molt.
* Ticks and Mites distinguishing features: Cephalothorax and abdomen completely fused.; Capitulum: anterior projection that has the mouthparts; Ticks are larger than mites and feed on blood; Mites small and often a plant pest
171
Chelicerae
paired appendages with a terminal fang connected to a poison gland.
172
Pedipalps
paired, short, 6 jointed appendages with enlarged bases. Used to squeeze and chew food. Males use the specialized tip to transfer sperm.
173
Book Lungs
stacked plate-like membrane bound air sacs that extend into a blood filled chamber.
174
Spinnerets
structures through which the "silk" for webs and other purposes is secreted from glands within the abdomen
175
Malpighian tubules
outpocketings of the digestive tract that remove metabolic waste from the hemolyph
176
Subphylum Crustacea
* General Characteristics
* Head with five fused somites with two pairs of antennae
* One pair of lateral mandibles for chewing, and two pairs of maxillae.
* Cephalthorax often with a carapace
* Thorax has maxillipedsfor touch, taste and food handling
* Cheliped (first leg) for defense, pincer
* 4 pairs of walking legs
* Abdomen is segmented with biramous swimmeret appendages, telson often present along with uropods
* by gillsin larger crustaceans-pseudotrachae on some land isopods
* Excretion by one or two green glands/antennal glands/maxillary glands; NO Malpighian tubules
* Sexes separate, egg hatches into a larva that must go through a series of changes before becoming an adult.
* Compound eye
* Class Maxillopoda
* Class Malacostraca
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Class Maxillopoda
barnacles, copepods
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Class Malacostraca
crabs, shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, pill bug
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Subphylum Myriapoda
* Class Chilopoda-centipedes.
* Class Diplopoda-millipedes
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Class Chilopoda
* centipedes
* Slender, segmented and flatteneddorsally.
* Head has a pair of long antennae, a pair of mandibles, and two pairs of maxillae.
* First somite bears a pair of jointed poison claws.
* Each somite except the last two hasa pairof jointed walking leges
* Live in warm climates where they are nocturnal predators - Prey on worm, insects or even small vertebrates; Prey is killed with the poison glands and chewed by the mandibles.
* Digestive tract is straight and two long Malpighian tubules extend posteriorly for excretion
* Each somite has a pair of spiracles for respiration
* A pair of eyes that are actually a group of simple eyes.
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Class Diplopoda
* millipedes
* Cylindrical bodies with many somites
* Do NOT have a thousand legs as name implies but they do have a lot.
* Head bears two clumps of many simple eyes
* The abdominal somites each have two pairs of legs
* Digestive, circulatory and excretory much like centipedes
* Digestive, circulatory and excretory much like centipedes
* Millipedes live in humid dark placeslike rotten logs or under rocks
* Slow moving and feed on plant material
* Some orders have stink glands that spray a fluid containing cyanide and iodine
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Subphylum Hexapoda
* Class Insecta -insects
* head, thorax and abdomen distinct - Head has 1 pair of compound eyes, 3 ocelli (simple eyes), 1 pair of antennae. Mouth parts for chewing, sucking/lapping consisting of mandibles, maxillae, and a labium; Abdomen of 11 or fewer somites; spiracles present; terminal parts modified as genitalia or stingers
* Thorax (of three somites) with three pairs of jointed legs and usually two(one or no) pairs of wings.
* Complete Digestive tract
* Respiration by branched cuticle-lined tracheae that carry oxygen from paired spiracles on sides of thorax and abdomen directly to the tissues; some aquatic forms with tracheal or blood gills
* Excretion by two to many fine Malpighian tubules attached to anterior end of hindgut. •Nervous system: ganglia connect to double ventral nerve cord with one pair or less of ganglia per somite
* nervous system: ganglia connect to double ventral nerve cord with one pair or less of ganglia per somite
* Reproduction by separate sexes; fertilization internal.
* Development: With several nymphal stages and gradual (incomplete) metamorphosis; With several larval stages, a pupa, and complete metamorphosis to adult form.
* Development: With several nymphal stages and gradual (incomplete) metamorphosis; With several larval stages, a pupa, and complete metamorphosis to adult form.
* Flight
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Spiracles
opening on side of abdomen through which air is taken in
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Deuterostomes
mouth forms from second opening not blastopore
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Phylum Echinodermata
* Echinoderms
* General Characteristics of Echinoderms -star fish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, sea cucumbers, brittle stars. All are marine.
* Symmetry: Adult with “radial” symmetry, larva bilateral; Adult is pentamerous, five or more radiating areas; No head. Three germ layers, no segmentation.
* Nervous System: No brain with few sensory organs; nerve rings, radial nerves
* Body Covering:
* Covered by a delicate epidermis over firm mesodermal endoskeleton or movable fixed calcareous plates usually in definite pattern; Some with spines and plates usually microscopic
* Locomotion: Water vascular system that extends from the body surface as podia or tube feet; Locomotion by tube feet, spines or movement of the arms
* Digestion: simple, usually complete. Stomach in some can be everted.
* Coelom: Forms the perivisceral cavity and the cavity for the water vascular system
* Respiration: Asteroids by minute gills protruding from the surface of a sea star (“dermal gills).
* Excretion: No excretory organs, diffusion of nitrogenous wastes through skin
* Reproduction: Sexes separate, alike externally; Gonads large with simple ducts; ova abundant. External fertilization by the sea; Free swimming larva exhibits bilateral symmetry.
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Class Asteroidea
* starfish (sea stars) & Sea Daisies
* Central disk with 5 tapering rays or arms.
* Aboral surface has many blunt calcareous spines.
* Small gills project between the spines and from the body cavity
* Anus is a small opening in the center of the aboral surface and nearbyis the rounded madreporite
* Mouth in the middle of the oral surface
* Ambulacral Grooves
* Tube Feet
* water vascular system: coelom (madreporite, stone canal, ring canal); radial canal (lateral canals, tube feet)
* digestive system: mouth; stomach (cardiac portion and pyloric portion)
* regeneration
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Phylum Chordata
* Characteristics - must be present in some part of their lives from zygote to adult
* notochord
* nerve cord - forms on the dorsal surface of early embryonic development; in tunicate and lancets anterior end develops into a simple cerebral vesicle...all vertebrates it thickens and differentiates as a brain which gets more complex
* pharygell pouches and gill slits
* postanal tail
* bilateral symmetry, three germ layers and well developed coelom
* segmented muscles in a unsegmented trunk
* ventral heart with closed circulatory system
* complete digestive system •endoskeleton (bone or cartilage)
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notochord
a flexible, rod-like structure that extends the length of the body
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Subphylum Urochordata
* tunicates
* notochord, nerve cord and tail only in tadpole-like larva; adult contained in tunic; adults may be sessile or float
* has gill slits; cilia line in the margins of the gill slits
* closed circulatory system
* complete digestive system
* hermaphroditic for sexual reproduction. asexual via budding
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Subphylum Chephalochordata
* lancelets
* all 4 chordate features found in adult
* water moves into oral hood "wheel organ". tentacles exclude lare particles. food includedmoves through the complete digestive system
* segmented muscles on the 2 sides...for burrowing and swimming
* separate sexes •closed circulatory system but no heart
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verbrates
have a vertebrae, series of bones or cartilage that make up the vertabral column, or mammals
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Subphylum Vertabrata
* body of epidermis and dermis. skin adaptations such as mucus gland, scales, feathers or hair
* internal and joined endoskeleton of cartilage or bone
* muscles that move the skeleton (voluntarily or involuntarily controlled)
* complete digestive tract is ventral and to the bertebral column. contains acessory organs (liver, pancreas ect)
* closed circulatory system
* respiration by paired gills or lungs
* kidneys for excretion
* brain regionally differentiated as to structure and function
* separate sexes
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Superclass Agnatha
* "jawless fish" ampreys (and hagfish which lack vertebrae
* Slender, eel-like bodies. NOT eels. No scales, soft skin with mucous glands
* No paired appendages, median fins
* Endoskeleton is fibrous and cartilaginous; Notochord persists as the main axial skeleton in the adult
* No jaws, sucking mouth with well developed teeth in lampreys; Most lampreys are ectoparasites which use their mouth and tongue to bore a hole in the side of a fish and ingest the blood and other tissues of the host •Gills in lateral saclike pouches off pharynx
* Only dorsal fins (no paired fins)
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Class Chondrichthyes
* cartilaginous fish –sharks, skates, rays
* Two separate median dorsal fins, a caudal fin, two pairs of lateral pectoral and pelvic fins. Males with "claspers"
* skeleton - endoskeleton made of cartilage; vertebrae house the nerve cord
* complete digestive system; teeth embedded in flesh
* pharynx has openings leading to gill slits
* intestine has a siral valve
* intestine empties into the cloaca
* circulatory system - two chambered heart
* single circulation - blood flow: veins⇒atrium(recieving chamber)⇒ventricle(discharging chamber)⇒artery⇒gill capillaries⇒artery⇒body tissue capillaries⇒veins
* blood pases through heart once and all heart blood is deoxygenated
* respiratory system: has to swim to push water over gills; countercurrent gas exchange; no swim bladder
* excretory system: 2 slender kidneys form urin; sharks and rays retain chloride...so their blood is hypertonic to the sea water
* nervous system: well developed olfactory bulds; no eardrum; lateral line; amulla of Lorenxini
* reproductive system: separate sexes; oviparous or ovoiviparous, few are viviparous
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claspers
modified pelvic fin that aids in sperm transfer
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spiral valve
digestive system that delays the passage of food and increases surface area for absorption
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cloaca
a common opening (chamber) for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts
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countercurrect gas exchange
the exchange of gas between two fluids flowing in the opposite directions
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lateral line
groove on side of the body with sensory cells. each canal has neural cells that are sensitive to low-frequency pressure stimuli. used to detect movements and vibrations in the water
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amulla of Lorenzini
sensory pores on the head on Chondrichthyes lead to sensors that detect bioelectric fields produced by their prey
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oviparous
a type of development in which young hatch from eggs laid outside the mother's body
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ovoviviparous
a type of development in which young hatch form eggs that are retained in the mother's uterus
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viviparous
type of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in the uterus by blood from the placenta
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placenta
a temporary structure formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes during pregnancy
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Class Osteichthyes
* bony fish
* spindle shaped with fins
* body with soft mucus-producing epidermis covered by scales
* endoskeleton boy
* digestive system: frontal conical teeth to grab food, pharyngeal and gill raker teeth; pharynx leads to esophagus to stomach, intestine and anus
* circulatory system: two chambered heart; veins→ atrium→ ventricle→ artery → gills → arteries → body tissue → veins
* respiatory system: gills; swim bladder
* excretory system: kidneys
* nervous system: brain; nerve cord; olfactory; taste bud; lateral line
* reproduction: separate sexes; most oviparous (some ovoviviparous)
* tow distinct classes: ray-finned fishes; lobe-finned fishes
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operculum
thin bony cover over gills
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gill raker teeth
help hold and crush food.
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Swim Bladder
gas filled bladder that gives fish buoyancy. Filled by pneumatic duct in esophagus in some fish (trout) or by gas exchange via the gas gland
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Class Amphibia
* frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, mudpuppies, caecilians
* bony skeleton
* ectothermal
* respiraction is via skin, lungs and gills
* circulation is closed; heart is 3 chambered; double circulation
* excretion: kidneys
* reproduction: separate sexes; external or internal fertilization; oviparous; return to water to reproduce
* metamorphosis
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ectothermal
cannot control their body temperature. rely on external sources for most of the heat for temperature regulation.
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Class Reptilia
* turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators
* amniotes
* amniotic egg: leathery shell; internal fertilization
* hard, dry, horny scales
* well-developed lungs
* efficient 3 chambered heart (except crocodilians have 4)
* kidneys
* ectothermic
* well developed sense of smell (snakes have Jacobson's organ or sensory pits)
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Amniotes
* organismwhose embryos are enclosed by an amnion.
* Reptiles, birds and mammals.
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Amniotic Egg
* Allows organisms to move away from water
* Amnion
* Allantois
* Chorion
* Yolk Sac
* Shell
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Amnion
a membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac aroundthe embryo
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Allantois
membrane that stores waste
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Chorion
membrane for gas exchange.
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Yolk Sac
store nutrients
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Shell
protects the egg
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Class Aves
* note: our text includes this class with class reptilia
* endothermic
* epidermal covering of feathersand scales on legs
* adaptations for flight
* bony skeleton with air cavities
* Closed circulatory system with 4 chambered heart
* Respiration by lungs and air sacs
* Excretion of uric acid by kidney
* Dioecious with internal fertilization; amniotic egg withcalcareous shel
* Crop for storage, and a gizzard that grinds food
* Sight is most developed sense organ
* Beak and feetadapted for their life style
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Endothermic
use their own metabolic heat to maintain high, constant body temperature
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Class Mammalia
* Hair, Sweat Glands,Scent Glands, Sebaceous Glands
* Mammary Glands
* Differentiation of Teeth: Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores
* Diaphragm
* Closed circulatory system with 4 chambered heart
* Excretory system of kidneys and bladder
* Endothermic
* Dioecious with internal fertilization
* Three subclasses: Protheria; Marsupials; Eutheria
* Order Primates: monkeys, chimpanzees, gorillas, humans, etc.; hands and feet adapted for grasping; A fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)
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Diaphragm
muscle used for breathing
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Protheria
* egg-laying mammals called monotremes
* Duck billed platypus and spiny anteater(echidna)
* Old world animals
* Egg is laidand carriedin a pouch or placed in a nest
* After hatching young are nourished with mammary glands
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Marsupials
* pouched animals like kangaroos and opossums.
* Embryos developin the mother’suterus until they are born in a muchundeveloped state
* Young crawl to the marsupium (pouch) where they will complete their development
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Eutheria
* placental mammals (elephants, deer, apes, pigs, humans, etc.
* Placenta develops in the uterus so the embryo and fetus develop in the mother until they are born.
* longer pregnancy than marsupials
