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Biology 212 > Test 2 vocab > Flashcards

Test 2 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

virus

A

tiny, acellular, infectious particles consisting of either DNA or RNA that is enclosed in a capsid

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2
Q

capsid

A

a protective protein coat around the necleic acid of a virus

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3
Q

capsomeres

A

protein subunit that build the capsid

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4
Q

DNA Viruses

A

adeonovirus (respiratory and tumor causing viruses); papovavirus (papillomavirus - warts, cervical cancer); herpesvirus and poxvirus

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5
Q

RNA viruses

A

ebola, influenza, rabies, HIV, hepatitis

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6
Q

Capsid shape helical

A

the subunits are assembled in a helix and the viruses are rod-shaped

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7
Q

capsid shape polyhedral

A

the subunits of polyhedral viruses are arranged into a icosahedron (a structure with 20 equilateral triangular faces)

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8
Q

Capsid shape complex

A

have capsid structures that do not fit into either of the other categories; eg bacteriophages

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9
Q

enveloped viruses

A

viruses with an envelope that consists of the host phosolipid bilayer

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10
Q

naked viruses

A

viruses without an envelope

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11
Q

host range

A

the organism that a virus infects is said to be the “host”, an the variety of organisms that a virus can infect is its “host range”

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12
Q

specific

A

viruses are specific for their host because a virus must bind to a certain receptor on the surface of the host cell, which allows the virus to enter into the cell.

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13
Q

infect

A

gain entrance and deliver their genomes into the cells

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14
Q

commandeers the machinery

A

second part of the process that the virus commands the host cell so that it can make copies of its viral genome and synthesize viral proteins

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15
Q

self-assmbled and exit

A

last step viral genomes and proteins are assembled and exit; some viruses lyse, or burst open cells to release the virus particles; other viruses will bud out of the cell through the plasma membrane and acquire an envelope

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16
Q

bacteriophages (phages)

A

are viruses that infect bacteria

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17
Q

lytic cycle

A

phage reproduces killing the host cells

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18
Q

attachment/absorption

A

lytic bacteriophages attach to the cell wall of the bacterial cell

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19
Q

penetration

A

inject viral DNA into the cell

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20
Q

replication

A

phage takes over the cell’s metabolic machinery, degrades the cell’s DNA, and makes copies of its own genome and proteins

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21
Q

assembly

A

virus components assemble into new phage particles

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22
Q

release

A

the viruses lyse, or burst open the cell, resulting in death to the bacterial host

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23
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

phage reproduces without killing its host

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24
Q

prophage

A

phage circularized DNA will become inserted into a host cell chromosome

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25
Q

virulent phages

A

bacteriophages that reproduce using only the lytic cycle

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26
Q

temperate phages

A

phages that can undergo both modes of replication

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27
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

an enzyme encoded by retroviruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis

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28
Q

provirus

A

a viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome

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29
Q

viroids

A

a plant pathogen consisting of a molecule of naked circular RNA

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30
Q

prions

A

infectious agent consisting of a misfolded protein of a normal cellular protein

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31
Q

nucleoid

A

region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs

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32
Q

plasmids

A

some species of bacteria also have smaller rings of this DNA; plasmids are physically separate from bacteria chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA

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33
Q

cell wall

A

outside the membrane; determines cell shape, proctects the cell, and prevents lysis (bursting) in a hypotonic environment

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34
Q

gram staining

A

staining procedure used to differentiate bacteria into two groups based on differences in cell wall composition; violet=gram positive=very thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan; pink=gram negative=less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides

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35
Q

capsule

A

type of sticky surface coating; dense and well defined, tightly attached

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36
Q

slime layer

A

type of sticky surface coating; loosely organized and attached

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37
Q

pili (sex pili)

A

rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein; function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation

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38
Q

fimbriae

A

fine, proteinaceous, hair-like bristles from the cell surface; function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

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39
Q

endospore

A

a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm; remain dormant for years

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40
Q

flagella

A

for motility; consists of 3 parts: fliament, hook, motor/basal body

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41
Q

taxis

A

directed movement toward or away from a stimulus

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42
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half

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43
Q

mutation

A

random changes in DNA; one main way prokaryotes evolve

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44
Q

genetic recombination

A

the combining of DNA from two sources

45
Q

horizontal gen transfer

A

transfer of genes from one genome to another different speicies

46
Q

transformation

A

a genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell

47
Q

transduction

A

the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria

48
Q

conjugation

A

a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells, an genectic material moves from one cell to the other

49
Q

phototrophs

A

obtain energy from light

50
Q

chemotrophs

A

obtain energy from chemicals

51
Q

autotrophs

A

require CO2 (in some form) as a carbon source

52
Q

heterotrophs

A

require an organic nutrient as a carbon source to make organic structures

53
Q

obligate aerobes

A

required O2 for cellular respiration

54
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

are poisoned by O2, and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

55
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can survive with or withouth O2

56
Q

extermophiles

A

archaebacteria that live in extreme environments

57
Q

extreme halophiles

A

live in highly saline environments; really salty

58
Q

extreme thermophiles

A

thrive in very hot environments

59
Q

methanogens

A

live in swamps, marches, km under ice and produce methane as a waster product

60
Q

proteobacteria

A

type of Eubacteria; gram-negative bacteria include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs; some are anaerobic, and other aerobic

61
Q

chlamydias

A

these bacteria are parasites that live within animal cells

62
Q

spirochetes

A

these bacteria are helical heterotrophs

63
Q

cyanobacteria

A

these are photoautotrophs that generate O2 and use CO2

64
Q

Gram-Positive bacteria

A

actinomycetes, which decompose soil

65
Q

decomposers

A

break down dead organisms and waste products

66
Q

metabolic cooperation

A

where the different types of cells cooperate to allow the anabaena to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells

67
Q

symbiosis

A

is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact

68
Q

mutualism

A

both symbiotic organisms benefit

69
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way

70
Q

parasitism

A

an organism called parasite harms but does not kill its host (initially)

71
Q

parasite

A

a heterotrophic organism that obtains nourishment form the living tissue of another organism (the host)

72
Q

pathogens

A

parasites that cause disease

73
Q

exotoxins

A

poisonous, proteinous secretions

74
Q

endotoxins

A

lipopolysaccharide components of outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria that are released with bacterial death and breakdown of cell walls

75
Q

bioremdiation

A

use of an organisms to clean up pollutants in an environment

76
Q

vaccine

A

substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from causative agent of disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease.

77
Q

echemoheterotrophs

A

subsisting on dead animal matter (saprophytes/saprotrobes) or subsisting on other organism (parasites)

78
Q

photoautotrophs

A

producing food by photosynthesis

79
Q

Excavata

A

Supergroup; includes groups Diplomonads, Parabasalids, and Euglenozoans

80
Q

Euglenids

A

Phylum; both animal and plant characteristics; move by flagella; have 2 flagella but only one is long enough to extend outside the cell; eyespot; reproduces asexually

81
Q

Trypoansoma

A

feed on prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moit terrestrial ecosystems; species that are parasites form animals, plants, and other protist

82
Q

Giardia

A

causes backpackers diarrhea

83
Q

Trichomonas

A

causes vaginal infection, STD than infects 5 million people per year

84
Q

Chromalveolata

A

Supergroup; includes groups Aveolates and Stramenopiles

85
Q

Pyrrophyta/Dinophyta

A

Phylum; includes dnoflagellates

86
Q

mixotrophs

A

heterotrophic and photosynthetic

87
Q

plankton

A

communities of mostlye microscopic organism (bacteria, some algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates) that drift in currents near the water surface

88
Q

plasmodium

A

parasite that causes malaria; parasites spread through tiny infectious cells called sporozoites

89
Q

Ciliophora

A

phylum; paramecium; all have cilia at some stage but arrangement varies. cilia are used for locomotion and/ or feeding

90
Q

macronucleus

A

large nucleus for metabolic, synthetic and developmental functions

91
Q

micronucleus

A

participate in sexual reproduction

92
Q

conjugation

A

sexual process in which two indivduals exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce

93
Q

Stramenopiles

A

Group; includes diatoms, golden algea, brown algae, oomycets

94
Q

Bacillariophyta

A

Phylum; representative organism diatoms

95
Q

Phaeophyta

A

Phylum; brown algae; “seaweeds”; representative Fucus, Laminaria, Marcocystis

96
Q

alternation of generation

A

part of life as a haploid, part as diploid and both stages are multicellular

97
Q

Phytopthora infestan

A

organism; water molds; potato blight in Ireland

98
Q

Rhizaria

A

Supergroup; small unicellular amoeba cells with hard outer”shell” called test; have threadlike pseudopodia

99
Q

Forminifera

A

Phylum; forms means bearing holes; calcium carbonate test with pores; heterotrophic

100
Q

Radiolaria

A

phylum; single celled with glassy silca skeletons (threadlike pseudopodia) radiating from central body

101
Q

axopods

A

needle-like pseudopods that extend through the pore of the glass test

102
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Supergroup; consists of red algae, green algae, and plants; no flagellated cells

103
Q

algae

A

are plant-like protist

104
Q

Rhodophyta

A

phylum; red algae; representative organism Corrallin and Polysiphonia

105
Q

Chlorophyta

A

phylum; green algae; representative organism Ulva (multicellular), Volvox (unicellular), Spirogyra (unicellular); mostly fresh water

106
Q

Unikonta

A

Supergroup; includes animals, fungi, and some protist

107
Q

Rhizopoda

A

Phylum; representative species Amoeba proteus; unicellular

108
Q

slime molds

A

representative organism Physarum; two main branches plasmodial and cellular slime molds

109
Q

plasmodial slime molds

A

stage of life cycle is the multinucleate cytoplasmic mas and can be several centimeters in diameter

Biology 212 (8 decks)

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