Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 212 > Test 2 vocab > Flashcards

Test 2 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

virus

A

tiny, acellular, infectious particles consisting of either DNA or RNA that is enclosed in a capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

capsid

A

a protective protein coat around the necleic acid of a virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

capsomeres

A

protein subunit that build the capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA Viruses

A

adeonovirus (respiratory and tumor causing viruses); papovavirus (papillomavirus - warts, cervical cancer); herpesvirus and poxvirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RNA viruses

A

ebola, influenza, rabies, HIV, hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Capsid shape helical

A

the subunits are assembled in a helix and the viruses are rod-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

capsid shape polyhedral

A

the subunits of polyhedral viruses are arranged into a icosahedron (a structure with 20 equilateral triangular faces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Capsid shape complex

A

have capsid structures that do not fit into either of the other categories; eg bacteriophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

enveloped viruses

A

viruses with an envelope that consists of the host phosolipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

naked viruses

A

viruses without an envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

host range

A

the organism that a virus infects is said to be the “host”, an the variety of organisms that a virus can infect is its “host range”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

specific

A

viruses are specific for their host because a virus must bind to a certain receptor on the surface of the host cell, which allows the virus to enter into the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

infect

A

gain entrance and deliver their genomes into the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

commandeers the machinery

A

second part of the process that the virus commands the host cell so that it can make copies of its viral genome and synthesize viral proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

self-assmbled and exit

A

last step viral genomes and proteins are assembled and exit; some viruses lyse, or burst open cells to release the virus particles; other viruses will bud out of the cell through the plasma membrane and acquire an envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bacteriophages (phages)

A

are viruses that infect bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lytic cycle

A

phage reproduces killing the host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

attachment/absorption

A

lytic bacteriophages attach to the cell wall of the bacterial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

penetration

A

inject viral DNA into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

replication

A

phage takes over the cell’s metabolic machinery, degrades the cell’s DNA, and makes copies of its own genome and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

assembly

A

virus components assemble into new phage particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

release

A

the viruses lyse, or burst open the cell, resulting in death to the bacterial host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

phage reproduces without killing its host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

prophage

A

phage circularized DNA will become inserted into a host cell chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
virulent phages
bacteriophages that reproduce using only the lytic cycle
26
temperate phages
phages that can undergo both modes of replication
27
reverse transcriptase
an enzyme encoded by retroviruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
28
provirus
a viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome
29
viroids
a plant pathogen consisting of a molecule of naked circular RNA
30
prions
infectious agent consisting of a misfolded protein of a normal cellular protein
31
nucleoid
region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs
32
plasmids
some species of bacteria also have smaller rings of this DNA; plasmids are physically separate from bacteria chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA
33
cell wall
outside the membrane; determines cell shape, proctects the cell, and prevents lysis (bursting) in a hypotonic environment
34
gram staining
staining procedure used to differentiate bacteria into two groups based on differences in cell wall composition; violet=gram positive=very thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan; pink=gram negative=less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides
35
capsule
type of sticky surface coating; dense and well defined, tightly attached
36
slime layer
type of sticky surface coating; loosely organized and attached
37
pili (sex pili)
rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein; function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation
38
fimbriae
fine, proteinaceous, hair-like bristles from the cell surface; function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces
39
endospore
a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm; remain dormant for years
40
flagella
for motility; consists of 3 parts: fliament, hook, motor/basal body
41
taxis
directed movement toward or away from a stimulus
42
binary fission
asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half
43
mutation
random changes in DNA; one main way prokaryotes evolve
44
genetic recombination
the combining of DNA from two sources
45
horizontal gen transfer
transfer of genes from one genome to another different speicies
46
transformation
a genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell
47
transduction
the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria
48
conjugation
a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells, an genectic material moves from one cell to the other
49
phototrophs
obtain energy from light
50
chemotrophs
obtain energy from chemicals
51
autotrophs
require CO2 (in some form) as a carbon source
52
heterotrophs
require an organic nutrient as a carbon source to make organic structures
53
obligate aerobes
required O2 for cellular respiration
54
obligate anaerobes
are poisoned by O2, and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
55
facultative anaerobes
can survive with or withouth O2
56
extermophiles
archaebacteria that live in extreme environments
57
extreme halophiles
live in highly saline environments; really salty
58
extreme thermophiles
thrive in very hot environments
59
methanogens
live in swamps, marches, km under ice and produce methane as a waster product
60
proteobacteria
type of Eubacteria; gram-negative bacteria include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs; some are anaerobic, and other aerobic
61
chlamydias
these bacteria are parasites that live within animal cells
62
spirochetes
these bacteria are helical heterotrophs
63
cyanobacteria
these are photoautotrophs that generate O2 and use CO2
64
Gram-Positive bacteria
actinomycetes, which decompose soil
65
decomposers
break down dead organisms and waste products
66
metabolic cooperation
where the different types of cells cooperate to allow the anabaena to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells
67
symbiosis
is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact
68
mutualism
both symbiotic organisms benefit
69
commensalism
one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way
70
parasitism
an organism called parasite harms but does not kill its host (initially)
71
parasite
a heterotrophic organism that obtains nourishment form the living tissue of another organism (the host)
72
pathogens
parasites that cause disease
73
exotoxins
poisonous, proteinous secretions
74
endotoxins
lipopolysaccharide components of outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria that are released with bacterial death and breakdown of cell walls
75
bioremdiation
use of an organisms to clean up pollutants in an environment
76
vaccine
substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from causative agent of disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease.
77
echemoheterotrophs
subsisting on dead animal matter (saprophytes/saprotrobes) or subsisting on other organism (parasites)
78
photoautotrophs
producing food by photosynthesis
79
Excavata
Supergroup; includes groups Diplomonads, Parabasalids, and Euglenozoans
80
Euglenids
Phylum; both animal and plant characteristics; move by flagella; have 2 flagella but only one is long enough to extend outside the cell; eyespot; reproduces asexually
81
Trypoansoma
feed on prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moit terrestrial ecosystems; species that are parasites form animals, plants, and other protist
82
Giardia
causes backpackers diarrhea
83
Trichomonas
causes vaginal infection, STD than infects 5 million people per year
84
Chromalveolata
Supergroup; includes groups Aveolates and Stramenopiles
85
Pyrrophyta/Dinophyta
Phylum; includes dnoflagellates
86
mixotrophs
heterotrophic and photosynthetic
87
plankton
communities of mostlye microscopic organism (bacteria, some algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates) that drift in currents near the water surface
88
plasmodium
parasite that causes malaria; parasites spread through tiny infectious cells called sporozoites
89
Ciliophora
phylum; paramecium; all have cilia at some stage but arrangement varies. cilia are used for locomotion and/ or feeding
90
macronucleus
large nucleus for metabolic, synthetic and developmental functions
91
micronucleus
participate in sexual reproduction
92
conjugation
sexual process in which two indivduals exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce
93
Stramenopiles
Group; includes diatoms, golden algea, brown algae, oomycets
94
Bacillariophyta
Phylum; representative organism diatoms
95
Phaeophyta
Phylum; brown algae; "seaweeds"; representative Fucus, Laminaria, Marcocystis
96
alternation of generation
part of life as a haploid, part as diploid and both stages are multicellular
97
Phytopthora infestan
organism; water molds; potato blight in Ireland
98
Rhizaria
Supergroup; small unicellular amoeba cells with hard outer"shell" called test; have threadlike pseudopodia
99
Forminifera
Phylum; forms means bearing holes; calcium carbonate test with pores; heterotrophic
100
Radiolaria
phylum; single celled with glassy silca skeletons (threadlike pseudopodia) radiating from central body
101
axopods
needle-like pseudopods that extend through the pore of the glass test
102
Archaeplastida
Supergroup; consists of red algae, green algae, and plants; no flagellated cells
103
algae
are plant-like protist
104
Rhodophyta
phylum; red algae; representative organism Corrallin and Polysiphonia
105
Chlorophyta
phylum; green algae; representative organism Ulva (multicellular), Volvox (unicellular), Spirogyra (unicellular); mostly fresh water
106
Unikonta
Supergroup; includes animals, fungi, and some protist
107
Rhizopoda
Phylum; representative species Amoeba proteus; unicellular
108
slime molds
representative organism Physarum; two main branches plasmodial and cellular slime molds
109
plasmodial slime molds
stage of life cycle is the multinucleate cytoplasmic mas and can be several centimeters in diameter

Biology 212 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions