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Biology 212 > Test 1 vocab > Flashcards

Test 1 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

evolution

A

change over time; descent with modifications

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2
Q

species

A

group of individuals with similar structure, function, and behaviors that have the ability to interbreed with one another

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3
Q

population

A

a group of on species that live in the same geographic area at the same time

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4
Q

fossils

A

remains or traces of organisms from the past

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5
Q

adaptations

A

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in a specific environment

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6
Q

artificial selection

A

modifying species by selecting and breeding individuals that posses desired traits

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7
Q

natural selection

A

a process in which better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and become the parents of the next generation because of those adaptations

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8
Q

organisms fitness

A

is the great adaptation and greater reproductive sucess

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9
Q

homologous stuctures

A

similar structures that may have different functions but have common ancestor

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10
Q

homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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11
Q

homoplastic (analogous) structures

A

similar structures and function but not common ancestry

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12
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar structures in distantly related organisms

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13
Q

taxonomy

A

science of naming and classifying organisms

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14
Q

taxonomic groups

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species (did king philip come over from germany soaked)

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15
Q

taxon

A

a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

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16
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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17
Q

systematics

A

discipline which classifies organisms based on shared characteristics to depict their evolutionary relationships

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18
Q

shared ancestral (primitive character

A

traits that originated in the ancestor of the taxon

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19
Q

shared derived character

A

an evolutionary novelty unique to a group

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20
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

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21
Q

branch point

A

represents the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor

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22
Q

hatch mark

A

represents a homologous characteristic shared by all the groups to the right of the mark

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23
Q

sister taxa

A

groups that hare an immediate common ancestor

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24
Q

rooted tree

A

includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

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25
Q

basal taxon

A

diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

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26
Q

polytomy

A

a branch from which more than two groups emerge tree branches can by rotated around a branch point without changing their evolutionary relationships.

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27
Q

monophyletic group (clade)

A

a group of species that includes an ancestral species ad all of its decendants

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28
Q

paraphylectic group

A

a group that contains a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants

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29
Q

polyphylectic group

A

consists of several evolutionary lines and not including a common ancestor

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30
Q

locus

A

position of alleles on homologous chromosomes

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31
Q

diploid (2n)

A

they have chromosome pairs; have a pair of alleles for each trait

32
Q

homozygous alleles

A

AA or aa

33
Q

heterozygous alleles

A

Aa

34
Q

genetic variation

A

differences in genes or other DNA segments

35
Q

populations

A

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

36
Q

gene pool

A

all of the alleles for all loci in a population

37
Q

the Hardy-Weinberg priniciple

A

the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation if the population is stable and in genetic equilibrium

38
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equation

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1; p is the frequency of the dominatn allele and q is the frequency of the recessive allel

39
Q

genotype frequency

A

proportion of a particular genotype in the population

40
Q

phenotype frequency

A

proportion of a particular phenotype in the population

41
Q

5 conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

random mating (assumes sexual reproduction), no net mutations (no change in allelic frequency due to mutations), large breeding population, no migration (no exchange of alleles with other populations), no tatural selection

42
Q

genetic drift

A

random events change allele frequencies

43
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment

44
Q

founder effect

A

occurs when a few “founders” establish a new colony

45
Q

directional selection

A

favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

46
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

47
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes

48
Q

sexual selections

A

form of selection is which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individual to obtain mates

49
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

phenotypic differenc (behavior, size, color, ornamentation) between males and females of the same species

50
Q

intrasexual selection

A

competition within the same sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex

51
Q

intersexual selection (mate choice)

A

occurs when individuals of one sex (usually females ) are choosy in selcting their mates

52
Q

diploidy

A

maintains genetic variation in the form of hidden recessive alleles

53
Q

balancing selection

A

occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population

54
Q

heterzygote advatage

A

occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homzygotes

55
Q

frequency dependent selection

A

the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population

56
Q

species

A

a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring.

57
Q

reproductive isolation

A

the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

58
Q

hybrids

A

the offspring of crosses between different species

59
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

is a block from fertilization from occuring

60
Q

habitat isolation

A

two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers

61
Q

temporal isolation

A

species that breed at different times of the day different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

62
Q

behavioral isolation

A

courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers

63
Q

mechanical isolations

A

morphological differences can prevent successful mating

64
Q

gametic isolation

A

sperm of on species may not be able to fertilize egges of another species

65
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

are barriers that prevent the hybrid zygot from developing into a viable, fertile adult

66
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

genes of the different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid’s development

67
Q

reduced hybrid fertility

A

even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile

68
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile.

69
Q

morphological species concept

A

is a species by structural features

70
Q

ecological species concept

A

views a species in terms of its ecological niche

71
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree.

72
Q

allopatric speciation

A

gene flow is interrupted or reduced when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

73
Q

sypatric speciation

A

speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations

74
Q

ploidy

A

the number of chromosomes making up the organism

75
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

describes periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change

76
Q

gradualism

A

species diverge from on another continuously over time

Biology 212 (8 decks)

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