Test 3 vocab

Question 1

Domestication

Answer 1

• an evolutionary process whereby humans modify the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals.
• Members of these populations may be unable to survive and/or reproduce without human assistance.
  Evidence of Early Plant Domestication:
  1.) Increased Size
  2.) Decrease in natural means of seed dispersal
  3.) Decrease in protective devices
  Ex. Husks
  4.) Seeds Ripen Faster
  5.) Simultaneous ripening of the seed or fruit
• Due to selection of desired traits, natural selection ended in domesticated species
• The domesticators of plants and animals sought only to maximize the food resources available to them
• As the process continued, productivity of domesticated species increased
  Domesticates became increasingly important to human subsistence

Question 2

Upper Paleolithic

Answer 2

• Characteristic of the cultures of the late Pliocene and the Pleistocene epochs
• Early phase of the Stone Age
• Appeared first in Africa with steady development of stone tools
• Later antler and bone artifacts, engravings, sculpted figures, and paintings

Question 3

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 3

• Marked by the transition to economies based on food production and domesticated plants and animals
• “Neolithic Demographic Transition”
• Increased population
  1.) 50% or more of the diet came from domesticated foods
  2.) Settled (Sedentary) Village life
• Neolithic = New Stone Age
• Ground and polished stone
• Tools for harvesting and processing grains
  Example: Mortar and Pestle

Question 4

Behavioral Modernity

Answer 4

• Fully human behavior based on symbolic thought and cultural creativity. Characteristics that differentiate present day humans from their ancestors.
  Individual Self-Awareness
  Group Identity
  Social Signaling

Question 5

Broad Spectrum Revolution

Answer 5

• People were collecting a broad spectrum of food resources during the mesolithic
• Forest animals, birds, fish, plants
• Hunter-Fisher-Gatherers

Question 6

Sedentism

Answer 6

Practice of living in one place for a long time

Question 7

Natufians

Answer 7

• A widespread Middle-Eastern foraging culture that existed around 12,500 -10,500 BP
• Collected Wild Grains
• Lived in sedentary villages year-round
• Mud-Brick Villages
• Plant Domestication by Natufians…
• Climate changed significantly (much warmer and dryer) which caused the range of environments that wheat grew in naturally
• Ca. 12,500 BP - Warm, humid climate
• Ca. 11,000 BP - Arid conditions
• Natufians began early plant cultivation efforts as an attempt to copy, in a less favorable environment, the dense strands of wheat and barley that grew wild in more favorable areas.

Question 8

Cuneiform

Answer 8

• a system of writing; first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia
• c. 3500-3000 BCE
• It is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians
• Sumerian city of Uruk which advanced the writing of cuneiform c. 3200 BCE.
• Played a key role in recording economic activities

Question 9

Neolithic Demographic Transition

Answer 9

The NR resulted in an increase in population, as farmers have more children than hunter-gatherers because…
Fertility increases as birth spacing decreases
Child labor is needed and valued
We know the population grew rapidly at this time due to the increase in juvenile skeletons in Neolithic cemetery populations
Early Neolithic Societies…
Settled village life and permanent housing (mud brick houses)
Segmentations of domestication and public spaces
Villages of a few hundred to a few thousand peoples
Lack of marked social inequality
Late Neolithic Societies…
Much larger villages
Elaborations of burials
Construction of monuments and earthworks with calendric and ceremonial significance
Heralded profound changes in social and political organizations

Question 10

Megafauna

Answer 10

• Large bodied animals weighing more than 100 pounds
• Most of the creatures in this group died off in the end of the Pleistocene Era
• Because of climate change or depletion from hunting.

Question 11

Clovis

Answer 11

An early, well-established, human culture in the North American continents
First big game hunters of the Paleoindian Tradition
Highly mobile hunting strategy
C. 12,500 - 12,900
First site known as Blackwater Draw
This society ended with the end of many big game species

Question 12

Southeastern Ceremonial Complex

Answer 12

The name given to a broad, regional similarity of artifacts, iconography, ceremonies, and mythology of the Mississippian period that coincided with their adoption of maize agriculture and chiefdom-level complex social organization.
Also known as the “Southern Cult”
1,000-1,600 AD

Question 13

Cahokia

Answer 13

The Cahokia Mounds comprise the largest archaeological site in North America
Occupied primarily during Mississippian period (800-1400)
Around 120 Mounds
Example of complex chiefdom society
“Monks Mound”

Question 14

Monte Verde

Answer 14

Archaeological Site in southern Chile
Finds at this site suggest that the Clovis Culture were not the first humans to enter the New World, a belief that had been held for a substantial amount of time.
Suggests humans actually entered before the end of the Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago.
“Paleoindian Period”
Radiocarbon dates suggest the site was occupied at 14,800 BC
Tents covered in hides
Exploited a wide range of plant and animal resources

Question 15

Eastern Agricultural Complex

Answer 15

Found in river valleys along tributaries of the Mississippi (Rather than the main trunk)
Starchy/Oily seeds - Little Barley, Maygrass, Knotweed, Sunflower, Squash, Chenopod
5,000 - 4,400 BP (Late Archaic)

Question 16

Swift Creek

Answer 16

Woodland prehistoric cultural groups in Georgia
Distinctive pottery - “Swift Creek Complicated Stamped”
Carved wooden paddle to stamp pottery before it was fired

Question 17

State

Answer 17

States are considered a Scale or Classification of Human Society
Secular Leaders, Social Classes, Armies, Taxation, Laws, Expansive Economies
Example: Mesoamerica
Causes of State formation for creation & control of…
Long-distance trade
Hydraulic systems for irrigation

Theories of State Formation…
	Voluntaristic Theories - Populations may voluntarily band together giving up their individual sovereignties in exchange for the security of the state
	Coercive Theories - Regard conflict and dominance of some population over another as key to the formation of stated

Attributes of States
Controls a specific regional territory
Productive Agricultural Economies
Supported dense populations
Intensive Agriculture (Technology)
Accumulation of Resources
Tribute and Taxation
Accumulated and distributed at central places to support occupational specialists
Social Stratification
Public Buildings and Monumental Architecture
Record Keeping System

States could collapse because of many diverse reasons that include multiple variables
Invasion, Disease, Famine, Drought, Environmental degradation, Social and Political upheaval, Warfare

Question 18

Circumscription Theory

Answer 18

“A Theory of the Origin of the State” Robert Carniero 1970
A multivariate theory - involves multiple causes, factors, and variables
Environmental circumscription or resource concentration
Increasing Population
Warfare
After Defeat 3 Options - Extermination, Expulsion, Stay at a price
3rd option gives way for emergence of social and Political inequality
Winners become Elites and losers become commoners

Question 19

**Urbanism- Needs more than just this **

Answer 19

Regional centers
Large populations
Administrative functions

It’s the Regional centers often of a large population
Center serves for Administrative functions, where the government is, lots of monuments, it’s the place where all the “government” stuff happens
A good example is cahokia

Question 20

Ur

Answer 20

Ur, Iraq was a Sumerian City-State
A city-state is a central city and its surrounding villages, which together follow the same law, have one form of government, and share languages, religious beliefs, and ways of life

Question 21

Ideology

Answer 21

What is an ideology?
A comprehensive vision or worldview - a way of looking at things
Tied to the belief system of a particular society
A system of abstracted meaning applied to public matters
A structure of social interaction
In complex societies the dominant ideology is produced by the dominant class, which is then pressured upon those who are not members of the ruling class

Question 22

Göbleki Tepe

Answer 22

Built by Hunter-Gatherers in Southern Turkey.

believed that they had been early neolithic sanctuaries? - not 100% on this but found online. 10,000 BC - 12,000 BC

Question 23

Stelae

Answer 23

An upright stone or slab with an inscribed or sculptured surface.
typically bearing a commemorative inscription or relief design, often serving as a gravestone.
Mesoamerican.

Question 24

Monument

Answer 24

Monuments depend on size and permanence and are usually built in memory or commemoration of someone or some event
Monuments are…
Diverse
Built to remind and impress
Capable of passing on meanings and messages between generations
Mutable and contingent forms: Reused and Reinterpreted across the passage of generations (Arc de Triomphe, Paris)
Ancient world/ Pre WWI - Monuments to great men/victories in battle
Post WWI/Modern Day - Monuments as memorials to those slain in combat

Question 25

Lascaux Cave

Answer 25

(18,000 BP - 15,000 BP)
Discovered in 1940 by 4 kids and a dog, was open to the public but the closed in 1963
Replica Cave opened in 1983
Southwestern region of France
Known for sophisticated Upper Paleolithic cave paintings that depict various images of humans, animals, and symbols

Question 26

Harris Line

Answer 26

Lines on increased bone density that represent the position of the growth plate at the time of insult to the organism and formed on long bones due to growth arrest.
Also known as “growth arrest lines”
Only visible by radiograph or in cross-section
Indicate episodes of temporary slowing or cessation of bone growth due to physiological stress in childhood. Caused by malnutrition in early neolithic farming societies.

Question 27

NAGPRA

Answer 27

“Native American Grave Protectio.n and Repatriation Act”
November 16, 1990
Provides a process for museums and Federal agencies to return certain Native American cultural items to lineal descendants, and culturally affiliated Indians tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations

Question 28

Elgin Marbles

Answer 28

A collection of classical Greek marble sculptures and architectural fragments brought to England from Greece by Thomas Bruce between 1803 - 1841
Mostly from the Parthenon in Athens

Question 29

In Stallings Island

Answer 29

Archaeological site of Late Archaic Native Americans (4,500-3,500 BP)
Located in the Savannah River, 8 miles upstream from Augusta
Famous for pottery - “Stallings fiber-tempered wares”
Oldest pottery in North America
2-Acre accumulation of freshwater shellfish remains

Question 30

Chiefdom

Answer 30

Chiefdom was a Scale of Human Society found in larger stratified populations
Chiefdoms contained 
larger stratified populations, class system, political and religious leaders 
Type of Class System
Political and Religious Leaders
social hierarchy
Based on kinship
	Mississippian Societies had Chiefdom

Question 31

Heritage

Answer 31

Something that is or may be inherited from a predecessor; an inheritance. Valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions, and historic buildings that have been passed down from previous generations. Something possessed as a result of one’s natural situation (birthright, root of the word is heir).