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ANTHRO > Test 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Test 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Selection

A

Selection of favored biological forms through differential reproductive success

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2
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

The belief that natural forces shaping the world today also explain past events

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3
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup or constitution of an organism - biological “building blocks”

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical expression of biological characteristics - part genetic, part adaptation to environmental forces

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5
Q

Microevolution

A

Genetic changes in a population over several or many generations but without speciation (change in a species size or coloring, or as shown in a lab, or as a study through traits/alleles). does not result in a new species

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6
Q

Macroevolution

A

larger-scale or more significant changes that occur over a long time period which result in speciation (can’t be demonstrated, only inferred from fossil record)

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7
Q

Thomson’s Nose Rule

A

association between nose form and temperature for those who have lived for many generations in areas they now inhabit, the average nose tends to be longer in areas with lower mean annual temperatures.

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8
Q

Bergmann’s Rule

A

smaller of two bodies similar in shape has more surface area per unit of weight; Within warm-blooded animals, populations with smaller individuals in same species are more often found in warm climates

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9
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

relative sizes of protruding body parts increase with temperature

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10
Q

Primatology

A

the study of nonhuman primates, including their behavior and social life

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11
Q

Prosimians

A

more distant relatives of humans; includes tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises

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12
Q

Anthropoidea

A

monkeys, apes, and humans

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13
Q

Hominin

A

the human line after our split from chimpanzees; no other living ancestors except Homo sapiens

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14
Q

Hominid

A

the taxonomic family that includes humans, the African apes, and our immediate ancestors

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15
Q

Laetoli footprints

A

very informative, fossilized footprints. Forced a reinterpretation of the early hominin fossil record. confirmed bipedalism. Proof that a small biped lived in Tanzania 3.6 MYA. Upright bipedalism was Au. afrensis’s mode of transportation.

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16
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Hole in which spinal cord joins the brain. Farther forward in Australopithecus and homo than in the ape. Shows an adaptation in upright bipedalism.

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17
Q

Gracile Australopithecines

A

A. africanus members were smaller and slighter, less robust

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18
Q

Charles von Linné

A

developed the first complete taxonomy of plants and animals
viewed the differences between life forms as part of the Creator’s orderly plan; classified living things into species based on:
· Overall similarities and characteristics
· The ability of animals to interbreed
· Grouped animals into different classes

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19
Q

Robust Australopithecines

A

thick bones with a sagittal crest that made this group known as “chewing machines”(branch off and come to a dead end)

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20
Q

Sagittal crest

A

“bony mohawk”; indicates exceptionally strong jaw muscles (Temporalis muscle connects the mandible to the sagittal crest, (top of head))

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21
Q

Ardipithecus ramidus “Ardi”

A
  • Ethiopia
  • 4.4 - 4.2 m.y.a
  • Lived in arboreal (wooded) environment. This nullified the savanna hypothesis.
  • Ardi’s brain was approximately the size of a plum (about 1/4 of the size of current A.M.H brains).
  • Had long curved fingers like Lucy for climbing
  • Had an opposable big toes
  • Appeared more ape like
  • Was bipedal on the ground but also a good climber in the arboreal environment.
  • Pelvis and femur angle were not angled like those of A.M.H. It could not run or walk long distances.
  • Dentition was more ape-like
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22
Q

Australopithecines

A

Common term for all members of the genus Australopithecus

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23
Q

Robust Australopithecine

Species Characteristics:

A 
A. robustus
A. boisei
Traits of the two:
-Australopithecine is an extinct genus of hominids.
-They evolved in East Africa about 4.4 m.y.a
-Brains were much smaller
-Large degree of sexual dimorphism
-Have a sagittal crest
-Prominent brow ridge
-Palate is more parallel with large K9s
-Robust means large or big
-From the neck down looked similar to us
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24
Q

Gracile Australopithecine

Species Characteristics:

A 
A. anamensis
A. afarensis "Lucy"
A. africanus
Traits of all Three:
-Current A.M.H evolved from these.
-Gracile means slider or petite.
-Lucy is an example of A. afarensis
-Brain size was approximately the size of a grapefruit
-Lucy lived in a forrest/savanna matrix
-Evolved in South and East Africa
-Both Bipedal and arboreal
-Slightly less prognathic
-Slightly rounded dentition but still more parallel than our's today
-K9s still relatively large
-Long curved fingers
-No sagittal crest
-Angled femur and pelvis
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25
Q

Charles Darwin

A

best known evolutionist, provided theoretical framework for understanding evolution through natural selection. Said natural selection could explain origin of species, biological diversity, and similarities among related life forms.

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25
Q

Kenyanthropus platyops,

A

1999 - 3.5 MYA, nearly complete skull and partial jawbone. Raised the possibility that two hominin lineages existed as back as 3.5 MYA

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26
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

A

3.8-3.0 MYA, ape-like crania and was bipedal, human-like postcranial skeleton; sexual dimorphism

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27
Q

Homo habilis

A

term coined by LSB and Mary Leaky, immediate ancestor of H. erectus; lived from about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago(former “handy man”)

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28
Q

Homo erectus

A

1.9 MYA - 300,000 BP. Hunted/gathered, used fire, could run fast, made systematically produced tools, developed seasonal central places, first to settle outside of africa.

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29
Q

Homo antecessor

A

1.2 - 800,000 YA, likely evolved from homo erectus may be an early form of h heidelbergensis, possible cannibalism

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30
Q

Homo heidelbergensis

A

300,000 BP, 33 individuals found in ‘Sima de Los Huesos,’ mix of morphological features between h. erectus and h. sapiens.

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31
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

middle paleolithic - 130,000 - 25,000 years ago in Europe and west Asia. First discovered in 1856 (Neander Valley, Germany) Lived in western Europe and the Near East, lived during the glacial period which peaked 70,000 YA, evidence of healed traumas

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32
Q

Homo Neanderthalensis

A

130,000-25,000 years ago
Europe and West Asia
Mousterian Tradition (first composite tools)
Traits:
-Very large brains (> or equal to current brains)
-Robust skeleton, jaws, and teeth
-Only cold-adapted (probably why extinct)
-Large nasal passages to warm cold air
-Closest relative to modern humans but still had a prominent brow ridge.
-First to leave Africa
-First to save flakes when making tools (obsidian). Obsidian made great blades because the edge was sharper than any razor blade today.
-Composite Tools: Spears and Arrows
-First to bury their dead; site Shanidar Cave, in Iraq (possible start of religion)

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33
Q

Paleocene

A

65 M.Y.A. first major mammal radiation

34
Q

Eocene

A

54 M.Y.A. Warm tropical climates become widespread; modern orders of mammals appear; prosimian-like primates are abundant; anthropoids appear

35
Q

Oligocene

A

34 M.Y.A. Cooler and drier in the North; anthropoids in Africa (Fayum); separation of catarrhines and platyrrhines; separation of hylobatids (gibbons) from pongids and hominids

36
Q

Miocene

A

23 M.Y.A. Cooler and drier grasslands spread in the middle latitudes; Africa collides with Eurasia (16 M.Y.A.)

37
Q

Mousterian Tradition

A

Characterized by Acheulean handaxes and flake tools made by new Levalloisian techniques, increase in complexity of tool kit for hunting and processing - associated with neanderthals.

38
Q

Shanidar Cave

A

Iraq - Grave IV. Found a neanderthal buried in depression with animal bones & pollen - flowers were used as grave goods.

39
Q

Acheulian tradition

A

involves chipping the core bilaterally and symmetrically. The core is converted into a relatively flat oval six-inch hand axe. Compared to the Oldowan tools, Acheulian tools had a much more effective cutting edge.

40
Q

Oldowan traditon

A

stone tools that consist of flakes and cores. The “core” is the piece of rock from which flakes are struck. A “chopper” is a tool made by flaking the edge of such a core on one side and thus forming a cutting edge.

41
Q

Levalloisian technique

A

Invented in southern Africa around 200,000 years ago. Uniform flakes were chipped off a specially prepared core of rock. Additional work on the flakes produced special purpose tools.

42
Q

Race

A

Not biologically distinct, color based racial labels aren’t accurate. Many populations dont fit neatly into any one of the three ‘great races.’ No single trait can be used for classification. 94% of human genes are the same, 6% vary from one group to another

43
Q

Cro-Magnon

A

First find of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) comes from Cro-Magnon rock shelter, Dordogne Valley, France in 31,000 BP

44
Q

Genes

A

Place on a chromosome that determines a particular trait

45
Q

Mutation

A

Change in DNA molecules

46
Q

Haplogroups

A

Branch of a genetic tree marked by one or more specific genetic mutations

47
Q

Chromosome

A

Paired lengths of DNA, composed of multiple genes

48
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. A large organic molecule that stores the genetic code for the synthesis of proteins. Each chromosome consists mostly of a DNA molecule. DNA is composed of sugars, phosphates and bases arranged in a double helix shaped molecular structure. Segments of DNA correspond to specific genes.

49
Q

Melanin

A

Chemical substance produced by skin cells that determines the human skin color.

50
Q

Vitamin D production

A

the human body can produce its own vitamin D when exposed to sufficient sunlight. People who live in cloudy environments can lack vitamin D and form rickets. Rickets softens and deforms the bones, may develop.

51
Q

Geological timescale

A

is based on stratigraphy. Eras are subdivided into periods, and periods into epochs.

52
Q

Sima de Los Huesos

A
  • Early Archaic Site in Europe
  • In Atopuerca, Spain
  • Deep cave, difficult to reach
  • No evidence of occupation
  • 300,000BP
  • 2,000 fossils
  • 32 individuals
  • Some of the skulls were defleshed
53
Q

Proconsul

A

tree-dwelling, fruit eating hominoid (the superfamily to which apes and humans belong)

54
Q

Schönningen site

A

earliest wooden tools, 400,000 BP (lakeside camp, elephants, horse, bison). 9 Spears up to 2.5m long. Important for hunting and meat consumption.

55
Q

Platyrrhines

A

Broad septum, flat-nosed. New World monkeys

56
Q

Catarrhines

A

Narrow septum, sharp-nosed. Old World monkeys, apes, and humans

57
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

marked differences in female and male size, anatomy, and temperament

58
Q

Punctuated equillibrium

A

long periods of stability with occasional evolutionary leaps.

59
Q

Sahelanthropis tchadensis

A

Discovered in 2001 in Chad approximately 7 M.Y.A

60
Q

Gigantopithecus

A

Late Miocene.

Two species in South Africa.

61
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

A
  • Discovered in 2001 in Kenya 6 M.Y.A.
  • 13 fossils, 5 individuals.
  • Shares characteristics with Miocene apes and later hominids.
62
Q

Composite tools

A
  • Oldowan
  • Acheulian
  • Levallois
  • Mousterian
63
Q

Jane Goodall

A
  • primatologist

- studied Orangutans in Africa.

64
Q

Fayum Depression

A

Scarcity of fossils were mainly found here.

65
Q

Catastrophism

A

Proposed that fires and floods, including the biblical deluge involving Noah’s ark, destroyed certain species.

66
Q

Biological variation

A

genetic characteristics

67
Q

Evolutionary Tree

A

Phylogenetic tree for african apes, hominids, and hominins. Starting with the african ape line from nearly 8 m.y.a and ending with the modern human line (homo sapiens)

68
Q

Chert

A

a type of stone that homo erectus used to make acheulian tools

69
Q

Obsidian

A

volcanic rock that was used as a sharp tool

70
Q

“Mitochondrial Eve”

A

refers to the fact that most humans share 99.9% of their DNA and every human shares the same common woman ancestor who gave birth to all of the human diversity in the world

71
Q

Affiliative behavior

A

Behaviors which promote group cohesion (friendly/positive gestures)
Ex: grooming, touching, and hugging.

72
Q

Lower Paleolithic

A

H. erectus

2.6 M.Y.A.-300,000 BP

73
Q

Middle Paleolithic

A

Archaic H. sapiens including Neanderthals, H. sapiens

300,000-30,000 BP

74
Q

Upper Paleolithic

A

Neanderthals disappear, only H. sapiens remains by the end of this period
50,000-10,000 BP

76
Q

Evolutionary tree

A

Phylogenetic tree for african apes, hominids, and hominins. Starting with the african ape line from nearly 8 m.y.a and ending with the modern human line (homo sapiens)

77
Q

Carl von Linné

A

classified groups of similar organisms into species based on overall similarities and the ability of animals to interbreed

78
Q

“Mitochondrial Eve”

A

The most recent common female ancestor of everyone alive today.

79
Q

Genes

A

Portions of DNA molecules that do the actual directing of the synthesis of proteins

80
Q

Evolutionary tree

A

Phylogenetic tree for african apes, hominids, and hominins. Starting with the african ape line from nearly 8 m.y.a and ending with the modern human line (homo sapiens)

81
Q

Carl von Linné

A

classified groups of similar organisms into species based on overall similarities and the ability of animals to interbreed

82
Q

“Mitochondrial Eve”

A

The most recent common female ancestor of everyone alive today.

83
Q

Genes

A

Portions of DNA molecules that do the actual directing of the synthesis of proteins

ANTHRO (12 decks)

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