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AP World > Test 3 (The Mongols) > Flashcards

Test 3 (The Mongols) Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

Mongol time period

A

Started with Chinggis Khan in 1206, lasted until 1236

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2
Q

Chinggis Khan

A

-Born Temujin in 1162
-Descendent of Kabul Khan (united Mongols)
-Father died
-Kidnapped, escaped
-Grew into strong military leader
-Became khagan in 1206

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3
Q

Chinggis Khan conquering

A

-Tangut/Xi Xia (north China)
-Jin (Jurchens in China)
-Kara Khitai (central Asia)
-Khwarazm (persia area)

-Spared artisans’ lives and let them come to Karakorum

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4
Q

Khwarazm

A

-Empire led by Muhammad Shah
-Bukhara and Samarkand
-Taken by Mongols

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5
Q

Mongols as a nomadic society

A

-Lived in Central Asian steppe
-Goat+sheep herds (food, clothing, shelter)
-Rode horses for days at a time, relied on their for herding, war, and hunting

-Tribes/clans
-Confederations when needed

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6
Q

Kuriltai

A

-Meeting of all Mongol chieftains
-To select a supreme ruler (khagan)

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7
Q

Khagan

A

-Supreme ruler of Mongol tribes

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8
Q

Tumens

A

-Fighting forces of 10,000
-Units of 1000, 100, 10 underneath
-Each with their own commander

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9
Q

Mongol Tactics/Weapons

A

-Heavy and light cavalry, scouting parties, messengers
-Short bow
-Chinese helped develop siege weapons (battering ram, catapults)

-Fake retreating

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10
Q

Jebe

A

“The Arrow”
-Shot Chinggis Khan’s horse right out from under him
-Stood his ground when his army was being defeated
-Impressed Chinggis so much that he became a high up Mongol military post

-Demonstrates Chinggis Khan’s generosity to his bravest foes

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11
Q

What religion did Chinggis Khan practice?

A

Shamanism (nature spirits)

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12
Q

Pax Mongolica

A

-Empire held together
-Cultural exchange
-Trade
-Internal peace
-In towns, scholarship flourished along with the arts
-Secure trade routes led to prosperous merchants and wealthy cities

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13
Q

Karakorum

A

-Mongol capital
-Lavish tent-palace
-Scholars brought here

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14
Q

Who did the Mongol land pass down to when Chinggis Khan died?

A

-His three sons
-His grandson Batu (son of Chinggis Khan’s dead son)

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15
Q

Ogedei

A

-Chinggis’ third son
-Became the new Khagan after Chinggis Khan’s death
-Not super strong in military, but very clever and a great diplomatic force

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16
Q

Four Khanates

A

-Golden Horde (Russia)
-Ilkhan (Middle East)
-Chagatai (Central Asia)
-Great Khanate/Yuan Dynasty (China)

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17
Q

The Golden Horde

A

-One of the four khanates (subdivisions) of the empire after Chinggis Khan’s death
-Named for the golden tents of the western khans
-Led by Batu, invaded Russia

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18
Q

Batu

A

-Leader of the Golden Horde who led the invasion of Russia
-Grandson of Chinggis Khan

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19
Q

How was Russia organized in the 1200s, and how did this hurt their defense against the Mongols?

A

-Divided into kingdoms, each ruled by a prince
-The princes refused to collaborate with each other, making defense hard

20
Q

What did the Russians call the Mongol invaders led by Batu?

A

Tatars /Tartars (people from hell)

21
Q

Why did the Mongols only invade Russia in the winters?

A

-Horses could walk more easily on the frozen ground
-Rivers were frozen over, easier to access areas

22
Q

Kiev

A

-Great walled trade city
-Mongols defeated it when they returned in the winter of 1240
-Spared St Sophia’s cathedral though)

23
Q

Why was Novgorod spared?

A

-Their prince, Alexander Nevsky temporarily submitted to Mongol demands
-They wanted to move on to more western European conquest

24
Q

Effects of Mongols in Russia

A

-Princes vassals of the khan and had to pay tribute
-Peasants had to give their labor and crops to not only their prince but to the Mongols, so they fled to remote areas or became serfs for protection
-Moscow rose (tribute collector, Orthodox Church)
-Became isolated (cut off from Renaissance)

25
Q

Battle of Kulikova (1380)

A

Moscow and other vassals defeat the Golden Horde

26
Q

Prester John

A

-Mythical Christian monarch could help defeat the Muslim enemy
-Europeans thought it was Chinggis Khan when he went after Muslim Khwarazm (until they went after Christian Russia)

27
Q

Why did Batu suddenly stop the European conquest?

A

-When Ogedei (the khagan) died
-Had to go back to deal with succession

28
Q

Hulegu

A

-Grandson of Chinggis Khan
-Ruler of the Ilkhan subdivision of the Mongol empire
-Destroyed Baghdad in 1258
-Had Abassid caliph killed
-Defeated Seljuk Turks (opened up Asia Minor to later Ottoman conquest)

29
Q

Baibars

A

-Mamluk leader of Egypt
-Was a former Mongol slave
-Defeated Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260

30
Q

Why did Hulegu end his Islamic conquest?

A

His cousin Berke (new khan of Golden Horde who was Muslim) allied with Baibars against him

31
Q

Kublai Khan

A

-Grandson of Chinggis Khan
-Directed the Mongol forces in the campaigns against the Song
-Became khagan in 1260
-Founded Yuan Dynasty

32
Q

Yuan Dynasty

A

-Mongol regime in China (1271-1368)
-Capital was Dadu (Beijing)

33
Q

Kubilai seeks to keep distinction between Mongol and Chinese

A

-No civil service exam (prevented Chinese dominance in gov)
-Chinese scholars forbidden to learn Mongol script (used for official records and correspondence)
-Mongols forbidden to marry native Chinese
-Only nomadic women could marry the great khan
-Friendship between Mongols and Chinese was discouraged
-Military forces of Mongols and Chinese kept separate
-Mongol religious ceremonies and customs were retained
-Traditional tent encampment set up int the imperial city (Kubilai normally lived in a Chinese style palace though)

34
Q

Yuan Era social structure

A

-Mongols at the top
-Central Asian nomads, Muslim allies, foreigners right behind
(These occupied most high positions in the bureaucracy)

-Ethnic Chinese
-Minority peoples of the south
(Could run Yuan bureaucracy at regional/local levels, but could only be advisors to the Mongols)

35
Q

Mongol women

A

-Did not adopt a lot of Chinese practices
-Did not footbind
-Retained rights to property, control within the household, freedom to move about the town and countryside
-Fought in battle sometimes
-Pretty independent

-As time went on and Neo-Confucianism gained traction, freedoms decreased

36
Q

Chabi

A

-Wife of Kubilai Khan
-One of his most important political and diplomatic advisors
-Promoted Buddhist interests
-Prevented a plan the would have turned cultivated lands into pasture lands for Mongol ponies

37
Q

Muslim influence on Yuan Dynasty

A

-Designed and supervised the building of his imperial city
-New tax collection systems
-Astronomy instruments
-Corrected the Chinese calendar
-Made more accurate maps
-Muslim doctors ran the imperial hospitals and added translations of Muslim medical volumes into the imperial library

38
Q

Marco Polo in Yuan

A

-Lived and served as administrator in Kubilai Khan’s court and empire
-Wrote an account of the Mongols and some of their customs and described their palaces and cities and wealth
-Made Europeans interested in Asia and made them want to find a route there, which inspired expeditions like Columbus’

39
Q

Economic Effects of Mongols in China

A

-Merchants rose in status
-Silk road safety
-Paper money
-Navy stopped pirates
-Silk, tea, porcelain made it to Europe

40
Q

Cultural Effects of Mongols in China

A

-Poetry and essay writing (traditional Chinese arts) decreased
-Dramas and musicals increased
-Romance of the West Chamber is the most famous Chinese dramatic work
-Actors despised by Confucian scholars but treated as celebrities in this period

41
Q

Who benefited from Mongol rule in China and who opposed it?

A

-Peasants, merchants, artisans rose
-Reduced peasant tax, granaries filled, etc
-Scholar gentry were mad (no civil service exam, thought they were barbarians)

42
Q

Failed attacks of Japan and Vietnam

A

-Damaged military reputation
-Showed Yuan weakness in its last years

43
Q

White Lotus Society

A

-Secret religious sect,
-Encouraged peasants to overthrow the dynasty
-Said they had magic powers and would heal you

44
Q

Zhu Yuanzhang

A

-Poor peasant man
-Founded the MIng Dynasty which would rule for the next 300 years after Yuan

45
Q

Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane)

A

-Turkic/Mongol
-From a noble land-owning clan (not nomadic)
-Ruthless conquerer
-Like art, architecture and talking to scholars like Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun

46
Q

Timurid Empire

A

-Led by Timur
-Capital was Samarkand (Uzbekistan)
-1360s-1400)
-Expanded to Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, and Southern Russia
-Pyramids of skulls of the people they killed
-Slaughtered thousands in Aleppo (Asia Minor) and Delhi (as a warning to not resist)
-Artisans and scientists spared
-Brought no increased trade, cultural exchange, or internal peace
-Empire pulled apart with Timur’s death in 1405

AP World (4 decks)

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