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8th Science - Earth and Space > Test 3 (Nine-Weeks Exam), Ch. 1 - 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 (Nine-Weeks Exam), Ch. 1 - 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The largest group of minerals, which compose over 90% of the earth’s crust, are the

A

silicates

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2
Q

The layer of solid rock below the soil is

A

bedrock

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3
Q

The rarest, most durable, and most beautiful minerals are

A

precious stones

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4
Q

Substances that are found naturally in the earth and have a crystalline structure are

A

minerals

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5
Q

A theory that has never been proven false is a

A

law

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6
Q

chemical sediments that result from the evaporation of water are

A

evaporites

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7
Q

a well-known chemical sedimentary rock is

A

limestone

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8
Q

a soil substance composed of decayed organisms’ particles is

A

humus

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9
Q

The most famous measure of earthquake strength, which rates earthquakes on a scale of 1 to 10 is the

A

Richter magnitude scale

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10
Q

Rocks that have a smooth, glasslike texture are

A

amorphous

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11
Q

Which earthquake zone includes the San Andreas Fault?

A

circum-Pacific belt

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12
Q

The metal that is more valuable than gold or silver is

A

platinum

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13
Q

Hard, round structures that form when minerals settle out of water and crystallize around a sand grain or other mineral fragment are called

A

concretions

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14
Q

The measure of the pull of gravity on an object is

A

weight

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15
Q

The group on which a test is performed is called the

A

experimental group

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16
Q

A volcano that will probably not erupt again is called

A

extinct

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17
Q

Beryl that has a deep green color is

A

emerald

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18
Q

The 3rd step in the scientific method is

A

formulate a hypothesis

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19
Q

The inner core of the earth is thought to be

A

solid

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20
Q

A metal mixture of iron and carbon is

A

steel

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21
Q

Brass is an alloy of ___ and zinc.

A

copper

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22
Q

Mining that uses a rotating drum that travels down a long track while grinding coal is called ____ mining.

A

longwall

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23
Q

Crystals are generally characterized by many flat surfaces called

A

faces

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24
Q

The most basic unit of matter is the

A

atom

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25
Q

About 80% of the world’s earthquakes occur in

A

the circum-Pacific belt

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26
Q

The breakdown of organisms is known as

A

decomposition

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27
Q

Any piece of solid volcanic ejecta is a

A

pyroclast

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28
Q

type of rock formed when magma solidifies

A

igneous rock

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29
Q

type of rock formed when deposits of sand and mineral fragments are cemented together

A

sedimentary rock

30
Q

type of rock formed when preexisting rocks are altered by heat or pressure

A

metamorphic rock

31
Q

any mineral that contains a valuable metallic element

A

ore

32
Q

The branch of geology that deals with the identification and classification of minerals is

A

mineralogy

33
Q

the bending or buckling of rocks under great force produces a

A

fold

34
Q

Aluminum is refined from the common mineral

A

bauxite

35
Q

The most abundant metal in the earth’s crust is

A

aluminum

36
Q

The type of soil that contains a mixture of sand, silt, clay, and humus is

A

loam

37
Q

The change of one type of rock into a new type of rock is

A

metamorphism

38
Q

The number that compares an object’s density to the density of water is called

A

specific gravity

39
Q

The study of soil is

A

pedology

40
Q

The hardest naturally occurring known substance is

A

diamond

41
Q

A mineral that remains glowing after being exposed to ultraviolet light and then placed in the dark exhibits

A

phosphorescence

42
Q

the most common element in the earth’s crust is

A

oxygen

43
Q

A “self pumping” well is an

A

artesian well

44
Q

A substance with a pH of 10 would be

A

basic

45
Q

the most common of all igneous rocks

A

basalt

46
Q

igneous rock with a smooth, glasslike texture; known as “volcanic glass”

A

obsidian

47
Q

the most common sedimentary rock

A

shale

48
Q

rock that consists of smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand or clay

A

conglomerate rock

49
Q

an organic sedimentary rock that is also called a fossil fuel

A

coal

50
Q

What term refers to the way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral crystal?

A

luster

51
Q

What do mineralogists call an element that occurs naturally in its pure form, uncombined with other elements?

A

native element

52
Q

What is a single layer of sedimentary rock called?

A

stratum

53
Q

What nutrient makes a plant’s fruits “firm up” properly?

A

phosphorus

54
Q

What is another name for a bar of refined gold?

A

bullion

55
Q

What is an alloy of iron, carbon, and nickel or chromium?

A

stainless steel

56
Q

What are geometric structures composed of atoms or molecules in an orderly arrangement?

A

crystals

57
Q

Name the narrow zone of active volcanoes that nearly encircles the Pacific basin.

A

Ring of Fire

58
Q

What type of lava has a smooth texture with a “ropy” appearance?

A

pahoehoe

59
Q

What mineral test leaves a line of powder on a plate?

A

streak test

60
Q

What are the upper layers of the ground stripped away by surface mining called?

A

overburden

61
Q

What is the name for a substance that is composed of only one type of atom?

A

element

62
Q

earthquake waves that vibrate at right angles to the direction of wave travel

A

S waves

63
Q

point at which an earthquake begins

A

focus

64
Q

weak earthquake

A

tremor

65
Q

fastest earthquake waves

A

P waves

66
Q

term for small earthquakes that follow an earthquake for days or even months

A

aftershock

67
Q

rocks on either side of a fault spring back to a position of little or no strain

A

elastic rebound

68
Q

giant sea waves

A

tsunamis

69
Q

instrument that records and studies the vibrations from an earthquake

A

seismograph

70
Q

point on the earth’s surface directly above where an earthquake began

A

epicenter

8th Science - Earth and Space (48 decks)

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