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8th Science - Earth and Space > Test 11, Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Test 11, Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

in which climate zone does every location have at least one day a year when the sun is directly overhead?

A

tropics

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2
Q

which method of measuring time uses time zones?

A

standard solar time

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3
Q

what type of time is based on the stars?

A

sidereal time

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4
Q

the point on the celestial sphere directly above an observer is called the

A

zenith

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5
Q

what was the first artificial satellite of Earth?

A

Sputnik 1

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6
Q

what was the first satellite launched by the US?

A

Explorer 1

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7
Q

what circle on the celestial sphere runs directly overhead and through the celestial poles?

A

meridian

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8
Q

the path the sun follows in a year

A

ecliptic

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9
Q

a device that splits light into a spectrum for analysis

A

spectroscope

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10
Q

what system of timekeeping divides the day into hours AM and PM?

A

12 hour time

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11
Q

the equation of time is the relationship between mean solar time and

A

apparent solar time

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12
Q

what term refers to an unmanned spacecraft launched specifically to explore the unknown?

A

space probe

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13
Q

what are the two points on the path of the sun at which the sun is farthest from the celestial equator?

A

solstices

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14
Q

in what type of orbit does a satellite stay above the same point on the Earth’s surface?

A

geostationary orbit

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15
Q

which calendar system is now used in most nations?

A

Gregorian calendar

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16
Q

what term refers to the earth’s slow “wobble” on its axis that causes the pole star to change?

A

precession of the equinoxes

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17
Q

what visible-light telescope was launched into space in 1990?

A

Hubble Space Telescope

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18
Q

what unit of time is based on the period Earth takes to orbit the sun once?

A

solar year

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19
Q

used to study the heavens

A

astronomical satellite

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20
Q

perform a variety of functions, such as making maps, forecasting crop production, spotting forest fires, and surveying cities

A

Earth observation satellite

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21
Q

relay telephone conversations and radio and television broadcasts

A

communications satellite

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22
Q

include the satellites of the Global Positioning System

A

navigational satellite

23
Q

a telescope that uses a mirror as the objective is a _____ telescope

A

reflecting

24
Q

the abbreviation A.D. stands for

A

anno Domini

25
Q

the technique in which computer-controlled mirrors constantly flex and bend to correct for atmospheric distortion is

A

adaptive optics

26
Q

when white light shines through a gas and then passes through a prism, the broad spectrum of color will show narrow, dark lines called

A

absorption lines

27
Q

the mean solar time at Earth’s prime meridian is called

A

UTC (coordinated universal time)

28
Q

a circumpolar star that crosses the meridian between the visible celestial pole and the horizon is making a ____ transit.

A

lower

29
Q

in which type of orbit does a satellite cross the equator at the same local mean solar time on every orbit?

A

sun-synchronous orbit

30
Q

which type of orbit would a spacecraft use to increase its altitude?

A

Hohmann transfer orbit

31
Q

from which calendar do the English month names come?

A

Julian

32
Q

what was the first space station designed so that it could be expanded?

A

Mir

33
Q

what astronomical event marks the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere?

A

December solstice

34
Q

what US space program landed a man on the moon?

A

Apollo

35
Q

At an altitude of 500 miles above the earth, a satellite with a speed of 16,700 mph will have a circular orbit. What describes the orbit of a satellite at an altitude of 500 miles and a speed of 17,100 mph?

A

the satellite will have an elliptical orbit with the lowest point at 500 miles and the highest point above 500 miles.

36
Q

what rocket design did the US use to launch manned moon missions?

A

Saturn V

37
Q

what term refers to the highest point of the orbit of an earth-orbiting satellite?

A

apogee

38
Q

what part of a telescope collects the light?

A

objective

39
Q

the term that refers to the speed a spacecraft must be traveling at to leave Earth’s gravity without using its rockets anymore is

A

escape velocity

40
Q

the unit of time, larger than a day, that is not based on the motion of a heavenly body

A

week

41
Q

the first type of spacecraft designed to be reused was the

A

space shuttle

42
Q

a rocket that can be stored for years with the fuel loaded is a _____ rocket

A

solid - fuel

43
Q

scientists can use multiple radio telescopes to produce images more detailed than possible with a single radio telescope by using the technique called

A

interferometry

44
Q

the two points at which the path of the sun crosses the celestial equator are called

A

equinoxes

45
Q

the two basic kind of optical telescopes are

A

refracting & reflecting

46
Q

first American in space

A

Alan Shepard

47
Q

first woman in space

A

Valentina Tereshkova

48
Q

Father of Modern Rocketry

A

Robert Goddard

49
Q

first man in space

A

Yuri Gagarin

50
Q

first American to orbit the earth

A

John Glenn

51
Q

German-born engineer who became the US top rocket designer

A

Wernher von Braun

52
Q

first man to set foot on the moon

A

Neil Armstrong

53
Q

Explain why the Julian and Gregorian calendars have leap years and contrast how these calendars determine which years are leap years.

A

Leap years are needed because there is not a whole number of days in a solar year.
In the Julian calendar, every forth year is a leap year.
The Gregorian calendar’s major difference from the Julian calendar is the elimination of leap years for all century years except those evenly divisible by 400.

8th Science - Earth and Space (48 decks)

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