test 3 malaria Flashcards
What are the 4 types of malaria that infect humans?
Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, malaria. Falciparum is the most pathogenic.
What is characteristic of a malaria infection?
chills and fevers. parasites in RBC’s
how many cases of malaria are there each year? How many people die from it?
800 million. 1-2 million deaths (mainly children)
How much of the world is at risk for malaria?
more than 40%
Describe the life cycle of malaria.
sporozoites are injected with saliva from the mosquito. sporozoites travel to the liver. In the liver they develop into merozoites which leave the liver back into the blood to infect RBC’s. Some become gametocytes which are taken up by mosquitos. in the mosquitos the male and female gametocytes migrate out of the gut and fuse forming a zygote which becomes sporozoites.
What is different about P. vivax and P. ovale sporozoites?
They dont immediately develop into merozoites but instead become hypnozoites that can remain dorment for months to years.
What does the trophozoite look like?
a ring
What is different about falciparum gametocytes?
looks like a banana
How long does it take for gamonts to appear in the blood? how long do they last?
3-5 days. 2-4 days
How many sporozoites can be formed from one set of macrogamets?
up to 10,000
How does P. falciparum avoid the spleen?
causes the RBC to display adhesive proteins causing the RBC’s to stick to vessel walls.
What does the blockage of vessels cause?
cerebral and placental malaria
What is blackwater fever?
complication of malaria characterized by intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria and kidney failure.
What are the symptoms of malaria infection?
Periodic chills and fever, headache and myalgia.
In children: non specific symptoms, fever, cough, vomiting, and diarrhea.
How soon do symptoms appear after infection?
10-15 days
What things protect from malaria?
sickle cells disease, lack of duffy antigens, G6PD
What types of RBC’s does vivax/ovale infect?
Falciparum?
malaria?
vivax/ovale: reticulocytes (young cells)
falciparum: all ages of cells
malaria: senescent (old) cells
Define premunition.
Chronic low grade infection prevents a big infection from happening.
Describe the importance of the cinchona tree.
Tree contains quinine (a muscle relaxant), which is used to control malaria. quinine was extracted in 1820.
Which species of malaria is resistant to chloroquine?
P. falciparum
When should treatment be administered?
1-2 weeks before traveling to malarious areas.
How does chloroquine kill malaria?
prevents the polymerization of heme after HGB has been broken down. Heme is toxic to the parasite so it fills the RBC with the parasite and kills it.
What was the effect of DDT use?
DDT killed alot of mosquitos around the world and prevented alot of malaria from happening but it was ruining the ecosystem in other places. for example osprey eggs were super fragile and would break easily.
What are some ideas to combat malaria?
Tansgenic mosquitos that wouldnt be susceptible to infection and could out compete wild mosquitos.
Fungus to kill mosquitos
Microwave malaria patients
How much do bed nets decrease deaths among children under 1 year of age?
22%
What does PfEMP1 stick to?
Sticks to protein C (EPCR), which is on the blood vessel walls. Normally this protein is involved in blood clotting, but PfEMP1 sticks to it causing cerebral malaria.
What is the side effect of Proguanil?
Nausea and simple mouth ulcers
What is the side effect of chloroquine?
nausea, blurred vision, rashes
What is the side effect of methfloquine?
Severe and permanent side effects. depression, anxiety, paranoia, aggresion, nightmares, insomnia, seizures.
What is the side effect of Doxycycline?
photosensitivity. Sunburn easily
