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Micro Finals > Test 3 - finals > Flashcards

Test 3 - finals Flashcards

1
Q

prions

A

infections proteins which when folded incorrectly will aggregate and lyse the cell
- whtn the proteins are released, they will infect surrounding cellls

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2
Q

prions are mostly found in

A

neurons

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3
Q

examples of a priod disease

A

spongiform
encephalopathy
mad cow disease
cuzfeld-jacob disease

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4
Q

mutualism

A

both partners benefit

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5
Q

endosymbiosis

A

one organism living inside the other

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6
Q

commensalism

A

one partner benefits without harming the other

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7
Q

paratism

A

one organisms lives at the expense of the other

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8
Q

cell damage

A

direct damage (prions lysing cell)

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9
Q

toxins

A

production of toxins that interfere with normal host physiology

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10
Q

exotoxins

A

secreted from cell, heat labile, highly toxic, antigenic, non-pyrogenic specific action

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11
Q

neurotoxins

A

affect nerve function (botulin, tetanospasmin

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12
Q

enterotoxins

A

interfere with interstinal lining

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13
Q

cytotoxins

A

kill host cell (lysis), anthrax, diptheria

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14
Q

endotoxins

A

gram negative, LPS (lipd A), low toxicity, heaqt stable, pyrogenic, weak, antigens, non-specific action

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15
Q

invasive factors

A

allow parasite to penetrate deeper into tissues where it causes more damage

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16
Q

Coagulase

A

dissolves basal collagen layer of epithelial tissue; bacgeria penetrate tissue

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17
Q

Fibrinolysin (streptokinsase)

A

dissolves fibrin clots used as body defense to isolate and trap cells in blood vessels in order to remove them easily and prevent proliferation
- if bacterial cell forms clot around itself, then this normal set of proteins will hide pathogen from body’s defense mechaisms

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18
Q

flagella

A

aid in projecting pathogen out of unideal conditions for survival

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19
Q

hyaluronidase

A

depgrade hyaluronic acid (make epithelial cells stick together)

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20
Q

antiphagocytic factors

A

allows parasite to avoid normal host defesne

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21
Q

capsule

A

allows pathogen to be unrecognizable to a phagocytic cell

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22
Q

botulism

A

caused by release of botulin toxin by Clostridium botulinum

  • prevents release of acetylcholine
  • flaccid paralysis
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23
Q

tetanus

A

caused by release of tetanospasmin by Clostridium tetani

  • blocks acetylcholenesterase causing no uptake of acetylcholine
  • convulsive paralysis (lockjaw)
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24
Q

disease transmissions:

portals of entry and exit

A

aerosols
direct contact
vectors
fomites

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25
Q

aerosols

A

tiny droplets of liquid which has potential to carry cells or viruses with it

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26
Q

direct contact

A

exchange of blody fluids; kissing, sexual intercourse, transfusion

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27
Q

vectors

A

other organism that are intermediate between source of infection and target of infection

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28
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects that act as a transport mechanism for pathogens

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29
Q

different lines of human defense mechanisms

A

1st line of defense
2nd line defense
3rd line of defense

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30
Q

1st line of defense

A

skin, mucus, chemicals

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31
Q

2nd line of defense

A

phagocytic cells, complement, inflammation, fever

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32
Q

3rd line of defense

A

specific immune responses: lymphocytes, antibodies

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33
Q

Physical barriers

A
  • skin (epidermis; dermis)
  • mucuous membranes
  • mucociliary escalaor
  • lacrimation
  • normal microbiota
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34
Q

skin epidermis

A

outer layer composed of multiple layers of tightly packed cells

  • few can peneetrate
  • contain keratin and collagen
  • contains epidermal dendritic cells (langerhans cells)
  • which phagocytize pathogens
  • bacteria like streptococcus epiditimis act as competition for resources agains invading bacteria
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35
Q

skin (dermis)

A

contains protein fibers called collagen which give the skin strength and elasticity to resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms

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36
Q

mucous membranes (epithelial mucus)

A

exposed to outside world

  • thin, outer covering of the mucous membrane
  • unlike surface epidermal cells, epithelial cells are living
  • thightly packed to prevent enter of pathogens
37
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

ensures mucus is not going into lungs

38
Q

lacrimation

A

production of tears to rid eyes of particulate matter

39
Q

normal microbiota

A

act as compeition

40
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

  • granulocytes
  • agranulocytes
41
Q

granulocytes

A
  • nuetorphils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
42
Q

neutrophils

A
  • highly phagocytic, motile, and are active in the initial stages of an infection
  • they have the ability to leave the blood, enter an infected tissue, and destroy microbes and foreign particles
43
Q

basophils

A

release substances such as histamine that are important inflammation and allergic resonses

44
Q

eosinophils

A
  • somewhat phagocytic and alos have the ability to leave the blood
45
Q

eosinophils major function

A
  • to produce toxic proteins agains certain parasites, such as helminths
  • too small to destroy but can discharge peroxide ions to destroy them
46
Q

agranulocytes

A
  • monocytes

- lymphocytes

47
Q

monocytes

A
  • not actively phagocytic until they leave circulating blood, enter body tissues , and mature into macrophages
  • dispose of worn out blood cells
48
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • naturla killer cells, t cells, b cells
49
Q

nautral killer cells are found in

A

blood and spleen, lymp;h nodes, and red bone marrow

50
Q

NK have the ability to

A

kill a wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells

51
Q

NK kill

A

any cell that displays abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins

52
Q

the binding of NK cells to the target cell causes

A

the releases of vesicles containing toxic substances from NK cells

53
Q

T cells and B cells

A
  • not actively phagocytic
  • play a role in adaptive immunity
  • occur in lymphoid tissues of the lymphatic system and also circulate in blood
54
Q

interferons

A

protein molecules tha tare released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections

55
Q

interferon stages

A

virally infected cell -> transformed into viral factory -> cell starts to produce interferons -> interferons do nothing for this infected cell -> interferons release and target a different cell -> stimulation of this new cell stimulates the production of anti-viral protein call AVP -> AVP hangs around in the cell -> when AVP is stimulated, the cell interacts with its own viral infection, the AV{ binds onto the ciral RNA -> this interferon, thus, stops the proliferatin of viral repliaation

56
Q

Complement

A
  • set of serum proteins designated numerically accordig to the order of their discovery
57
Q

the activation of compliments causes

A

cell lysis (forein cell or your own cell) depends on what causes activtion and where activation takes place

58
Q

classical compliment pathway

A

involves the stimulatioin of a complliment as a result of the actioin of antibodies binding to a target antigen

59
Q

alternative pathway

A

stimulation of a compliment as a result independent of the action of antibodies

60
Q

the end result of both complement pathways is

A

ring of proteins (MAC) that inserts itself into membrane of a target cell and forms a hole in the membrane and causes the cell to lyse

61
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence
  3. iingestion
  4. digestioin
  5. elimination or presentation
62
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement

  • microbial wastes stimulate migration of phagocytes to where the bacteria is located
  • complements draw in phagocytes,
  • cytokines
63
Q

adherence

A
  • attqachment

- opsonins increase ability of phagocyte to attach/engulf ot target cell

64
Q

ingestion

A

creates vacuole around target cell

65
Q

digestion

A

superoxide, peroxide, lysozyme (only affects gram +) hyppochlorite

66
Q

ellimination or presentation

A

phagocyte releases waste product to surrounding area or presents them to surface

67
Q

inflammation

A
  • cell destruction releases kinins which stimulate the release of prostaglandins, histamine, leukotrienes
68
Q

inflamation results in

A

vasodilation

- diapedesis (movement of WBC from blood to surrounding tissues), increased fibrinogen (increased production of clots)

69
Q

fever

A
70
Q

fever caused

A
  • by interleukin 1
  • occurs to increase the effects of interferons (work better and produced at higher rate)
  • decrease iron availability so its unavailable for use in bacteria
71
Q

fever causes

A

enzyme denaturation and nerve damage for the host

72
Q

immunoglobulins

- antibodies

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
73
Q

IgG

A
  • monomer

- consists of 80% of total IG, transplacental, high affinity for antigen; secondary response

74
Q

IgM

A

pentamer
5-10%
First Ig produced

75
Q

IgA

A

dimer
10-13%
secretory
mucuos, breast milk

76
Q

IgD

A

<1%

B-Cell receptor

77
Q

IgE

A

trace amounts

involved in allergic responses

78
Q

immunoglobulins neutralizes

A

neutrolizes toxins by bindingn to it and making it non-functional

79
Q

immunoglobulins causes and stimultes

A
  • causes agglutination and opsonization

- stimulate complment activation

80
Q

agglutination

A
  • pathogens become connected to each other so thyre non-functional and easier for body to eliminate
81
Q

opsonization

A
  • iinvolves the binding of an opsonin (antibody) to an epitope on an antigen
82
Q

after opsonin binds to the membrane what happenes

A
  • phagocytes are attaracted to the pathogen
83
Q

antigen

A

any substance which can cause the body to produce an immune response
- proteins dor arge polysaccharides

84
Q

immune response

A
  • production of specific blood proteins which will only react with the specific antigen which stimulated its production
85
Q

antigenic compounds

A

components of invaiding microbes, such as capsules, cell walls, flagella, fimbriae, bacterial toxins, the coats of viruses, or the surfaces of other types of microbes

86
Q

anibodies recognize and interact with specific retions on antigens called

A

epitopes or antigenic determinants

87
Q

haptens

A

molecules which are targets of antibodies, but are too small to stimulate a response by themselves

88
Q

exogenous antigens

A

microbe derived

89
Q

endogenous antigens

A

produced inside the host cell

Micro Finals (10 decks)

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