Test 2 Review Flashcards
Genetic regulation refers to
changing the number of times transcription starts
The “codon” is located on
the mRNA
The process by which DNA is made
Replication
Operons ae present in DNA where
Genes are polycestronic
RNA polymerase is
Responsible for making RNA
The codon AUG is unique because
it’s the translation start signal
Transfer RNA is responsible for
carting amino acid to the ribosomes
The enzyme principally responsible for DNA replication is
DNA polymerase
The leading strand of a replication DNA molecules is made in
The 5’ to 3’ direction
The region where transcription starts is referred to as the
promotor
which has to be removed from RNA in Eukaryotes before translation
Intron
Frame shift mutation are caused by
insertion
F plasmid code for
- sex pilus- plasmid transfer- plasmid replication- (not toxin resistance)
Inducible operons are only induced by
a single substance
plasmid
- a circular piece of DNA- can be transfered to other cells- self-replicating- (not absolutely nescessary for cell function)
Changes in the sequence of DNA bases are called
- mutations
mutations are always considered detrimental to the cell
- false
the codons UAA, UAG, UGA
- stop signal for translation
if a DNA base changes does not result in an Amino Acid Change it’s called
- Silent mutation
Transcription 1st step
- small ribosomal subunit binds with the mRNA
Plasmids are linear pieces of DNA
- false
Absorption of DNA from the environment is called
- transformation
Genetic changes in bacteria can be brought about by
- base substitution- conjugation- transduction- transformation
In catabolite repression, when glucose is high, cAMP is ___, and CAP - cAMP ____ transcriptioin
low; activates
viruses infecting bacteria are known as
bacteriophage
the protein coats of viruses are called
capsids
Plasmid DNA
- self repicating- have few genes- always acquired in transformation- (not essential for survival of the bacterium)
Plasmids encoding for enzymes which breakdown antiboiotics are called
R-plasmids
The enzyme responsible for connecting okasaki fragments is?
DNA ligase
The operator is
- a DNA sequence involved in multiple gene regulation
Which best describe an operon
- a set of multiple genes all under common transcriptional control
the transmission of DNA from cell to cell is known as
- conjugation
Resistance to ATB transferred through conjugation uses
- F plasmids
In a repressible operon system, the co-repressor sits on the operator, blocking:
-RNA polymerase
DNA polymerase makes -and RNA polymerase makes -DNA ligase - bindsPrimase makes
- makes DNA from DNA- makes…- binds DNA fragments together- makes short pieces of RNA and DNA
In Bacterial cells, an enzyme producedin response to its substrate is called an
- an inducible enzyme
F + cells conjugate with all other cells
false
F’ can conjugate with F+ cells
False
The envelops of a virus consist of
lipid bilayer with glycoproteins
When viruses “but out” of their host cll, they remove a little of the cell membrane this process is called
exocytosis
What kinds of mechanisms are present in the 1st line of defense in humans?
Physical barriers and Chemical defenses
What are 4 characteristics of exotoxins?
- protein- specific- highly toxic- non-pyrogenic- heat labile- antigenic
What chemical defense is present in tears and sweat?
- lysozymes
Which of the following is not a virulence factor?- capsule- neurotoxin- peptidoglycan- endotoxin
- peptidoglycan
Animals that are responsible for the transmission of an infectious disease are:- vehicles- vectors- fomites- incubators
- vectors
The major phagocytic cells are:
macrophages
All of these tissues contain normal microbiota except:- the respiratory tract- the intestines- skin- liver
- liver
Exotoxins are only produced by Gram + cells
- False
Which of the followingn is not phagocytic cells?- neutrophils- macrophages- dendritic cells- basophils
basophils
Which of the following is consisdered part of the innate (non-specific) immune system?- complement- b- cells- t- cells- antibodies
- complement
Alpha interferon is responsible for preventing viral infections
true
Inflammation is only initiated by antigen-antibody binding
false
Interferon is most effective against?
RNA viruses
Dna is constructed of?
2 strands of nucleotdies running anti-parallel
the process by which DNA is made is calleed
replication
the enzyme principally responsible for DNA replication is
DNA polymerase
The leading strand of a replicating DNA molecule is made in?
the 5’ to 3’ direction
The region where transcription starts is refered to as the
promoter
the enzyme responsible for connecting Okasaki fragments is?
DNA ligase
On a DNA strand a thymine residue would be matched with ___ on the complementary strand?
adenine
which of the following is not an enzyme involved in replication
RNA polymerase
If there is an adenine residue on a DNA strand when it is transcribed ____ will be added to the RNA
Uracil
Transcription proceeds in which of the following direction?
3’ to 5’
the term oncogenic virus refers to
tumor-causing virus
+ sense RNA viruses must be packaged with a molecule of replicase within the virion
false
- sense RNA virus must be packaged with a molecule of transcriptase within the virion
true
virus genomes that fuse with cellular DNA becomes
provirus
In order for RNA virus to replicate what must hqppen
a replicative form of RNA must be made
HIV is a form of - sense RNA virus
False
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme present in most eukaryotic cells
false
viruses might cause cancer by mutating only one gene
false
prions cause problems in all tissues in the body
false
encephalopathy is caused by?
apoptosis
