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Micro Finals > Test 2 Review > Flashcards

Test 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic regulation refers to

A

changing the number of times transcription starts

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2
Q

The “codon” is located on

A

the mRNA

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3
Q

The process by which DNA is made

A

Replication

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4
Q

Operons ae present in DNA where

A

Genes are polycestronic

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5
Q

RNA polymerase is

A

Responsible for making RNA

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6
Q

The codon AUG is unique because

A

it’s the translation start signal

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7
Q

Transfer RNA is responsible for

A

carting amino acid to the ribosomes

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8
Q

The enzyme principally responsible for DNA replication is

A

DNA polymerase

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9
Q

The leading strand of a replication DNA molecules is made in

A

The 5’ to 3’ direction

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10
Q

The region where transcription starts is referred to as the

A

promotor

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11
Q

which has to be removed from RNA in Eukaryotes before translation

A

Intron

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12
Q

Frame shift mutation are caused by

A

insertion

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13
Q

F plasmid code for

A
  • sex pilus- plasmid transfer- plasmid replication- (not toxin resistance)
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14
Q

Inducible operons are only induced by

A

a single substance

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15
Q

plasmid

A
  • a circular piece of DNA- can be transfered to other cells- self-replicating- (not absolutely nescessary for cell function)
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16
Q

Changes in the sequence of DNA bases are called

A
  • mutations
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17
Q

mutations are always considered detrimental to the cell

A
  • false
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18
Q

the codons UAA, UAG, UGA

A
  • stop signal for translation
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19
Q

if a DNA base changes does not result in an Amino Acid Change it’s called

A
  • Silent mutation
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20
Q

Transcription 1st step

A
  • small ribosomal subunit binds with the mRNA
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21
Q

Plasmids are linear pieces of DNA

A
  • false
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22
Q

Absorption of DNA from the environment is called

A
  • transformation
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23
Q

Genetic changes in bacteria can be brought about by

A
  • base substitution- conjugation- transduction- transformation
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24
Q

In catabolite repression, when glucose is high, cAMP is ___, and CAP - cAMP ____ transcriptioin

A

low; activates

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25
Q

viruses infecting bacteria are known as

A

bacteriophage

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26
Q

the protein coats of viruses are called

A

capsids

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27
Q

Plasmid DNA

A
  • self repicating- have few genes- always acquired in transformation- (not essential for survival of the bacterium)
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28
Q

Plasmids encoding for enzymes which breakdown antiboiotics are called

A

R-plasmids

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29
Q

The enzyme responsible for connecting okasaki fragments is?

A

DNA ligase

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30
Q

The operator is

A
  • a DNA sequence involved in multiple gene regulation
31
Q

Which best describe an operon

A
  • a set of multiple genes all under common transcriptional control
32
Q

the transmission of DNA from cell to cell is known as

A
  • conjugation
33
Q

Resistance to ATB transferred through conjugation uses

A
  • F plasmids
34
Q

In a repressible operon system, the co-repressor sits on the operator, blocking:

A

-RNA polymerase

35
Q

DNA polymerase makes -and RNA polymerase makes -DNA ligase - bindsPrimase makes

A
  • makes DNA from DNA- makes…- binds DNA fragments together- makes short pieces of RNA and DNA
36
Q

In Bacterial cells, an enzyme producedin response to its substrate is called an

A
  • an inducible enzyme
37
Q

F + cells conjugate with all other cells

A

false

38
Q

F’ can conjugate with F+ cells

A

False

39
Q

The envelops of a virus consist of

A

lipid bilayer with glycoproteins

40
Q

When viruses “but out” of their host cll, they remove a little of the cell membrane this process is called

A

exocytosis

41
Q

What kinds of mechanisms are present in the 1st line of defense in humans?

A

Physical barriers and Chemical defenses

42
Q

What are 4 characteristics of exotoxins?

A
  • protein- specific- highly toxic- non-pyrogenic- heat labile- antigenic
43
Q

What chemical defense is present in tears and sweat?

A
  • lysozymes
44
Q

Which of the following is not a virulence factor?- capsule- neurotoxin- peptidoglycan- endotoxin

A
  • peptidoglycan
45
Q

Animals that are responsible for the transmission of an infectious disease are:- vehicles- vectors- fomites- incubators

A
  • vectors
46
Q

The major phagocytic cells are:

A

macrophages

47
Q

All of these tissues contain normal microbiota except:- the respiratory tract- the intestines- skin- liver

A
  • liver
48
Q

Exotoxins are only produced by Gram + cells

A
  • False
49
Q

Which of the followingn is not phagocytic cells?- neutrophils- macrophages- dendritic cells- basophils

A

basophils

50
Q

Which of the following is consisdered part of the innate (non-specific) immune system?- complement- b- cells- t- cells- antibodies

A
  • complement
51
Q

Alpha interferon is responsible for preventing viral infections

A

true

52
Q

Inflammation is only initiated by antigen-antibody binding

A

false

53
Q

Interferon is most effective against?

A

RNA viruses

54
Q

Dna is constructed of?

A

2 strands of nucleotdies running anti-parallel

55
Q

the process by which DNA is made is calleed

A

replication

56
Q

the enzyme principally responsible for DNA replication is

A

DNA polymerase

57
Q

The leading strand of a replicating DNA molecule is made in?

A

the 5’ to 3’ direction

58
Q

The region where transcription starts is refered to as the

A

promoter

59
Q

the enzyme responsible for connecting Okasaki fragments is?

A

DNA ligase

60
Q

On a DNA strand a thymine residue would be matched with ___ on the complementary strand?

A

adenine

61
Q

which of the following is not an enzyme involved in replication

A

RNA polymerase

62
Q

If there is an adenine residue on a DNA strand when it is transcribed ____ will be added to the RNA

A

Uracil

63
Q

Transcription proceeds in which of the following direction?

A

3’ to 5’

64
Q

the term oncogenic virus refers to

A

tumor-causing virus

65
Q

+ sense RNA viruses must be packaged with a molecule of replicase within the virion

A

false

66
Q
  • sense RNA virus must be packaged with a molecule of transcriptase within the virion
A

true

67
Q

virus genomes that fuse with cellular DNA becomes

A

provirus

68
Q

In order for RNA virus to replicate what must hqppen

A

a replicative form of RNA must be made

69
Q

HIV is a form of - sense RNA virus

A

False

70
Q

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme present in most eukaryotic cells

A

false

71
Q

viruses might cause cancer by mutating only one gene

A

false

72
Q

prions cause problems in all tissues in the body

A

false

73
Q

encephalopathy is caused by?

A

apoptosis

Micro Finals (10 decks)

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