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Genetics > Test 3: Fill in the Blanks > Flashcards

Test 3: Fill in the Blanks Flashcards

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1
Q

During initiation of translation, the initiator tRNA associates after the ___________ has been bound to the small subunit.

A

mRNA transcript

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2
Q

Intact ribosomes must be dissociated by _____ in order for _________ to occur.

A

IF-3, initiation

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3
Q

Gene families appear to be built by cycles of ________ followed by ___________.

A

duplication, mutation

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4
Q

All members of a gene family will share a high degree of sequence homology, even the unexpressed ___________.

A

pseudogenes

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5
Q

The predominant form of guanine in DNA is the ____, but it can undergo _____________ to produce the ____ form.

A

keto, tautomerization, enol

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6
Q

In eukaryotic genes, there are often many non-coding regions called ______, interspersed between the coding _____ sequences.

A

introns, exons

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7
Q

Post transcriptionally all eukaryotic mRNAs receive a _______, but only some also receive a __________.

A

5’ cap, poly-A tail

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8
Q

Primary damage of DNA caused by exposure to ultraviolet light is ___________ of bases.

A

dimerization

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9
Q

The most common cause of spontaneous mutations is _____________.

A

tautomerization

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10
Q

Associated with eukaryotic chromatin are octamers if ________ proteins that ultimately are involved in the formation of ____________.

A

histone, nucleosomes

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11
Q

Very high levels of DNA damage can lead to the activation of the ____ response.

A

SOS

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12
Q

During Interphase, most eukaryotic chromatin is organized either at the ______________ or the _______________.

A

nucleosome (100 Angstrom), solenoid (300 Angstrom) level

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13
Q

During translation, each new charged tRNA is brought into the A site with the assistance of ______.

A

EF-Tu

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14
Q

Ribosomes serve as the __________ workbench for translation.

A

non-specific

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15
Q

Transcriptional units with two or more separate coding sequences are called _____________.

A

polycistronic

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16
Q

The main damage caused by UV exposure is the formation of ________, and the two categories of repair processes that exist are ___________ and ______________.

A

dimers, light dependent, light independent

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17
Q

Effector molecules in regulation can either be ______ or _______, depending on the effect they have on ________________ activity.

A

positive, negative, regulatory transcriptional

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18
Q

If a purine is substituted for a pyrimidine, a __________ mutation has occurred.

A

transversion

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19
Q

Hydrophobic mutagens that interact physically with DNA molecules are called _________ agents, and are particularly harmful because they may cause ___________ mutations.

A

intercalating, frameshift

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20
Q

A unique feature of bacterial genome function is that ____________ and ____________ can occur simultaneously.

A

transcription, translation

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21
Q

Exposure to nitrous acid leads to __________________ and adenine will become ___________.

A

oxidative deamination, hypoxanthine

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22
Q

All tRNA molecules will have at least 4 ______________ regions formed by _____________.

A

double stranded, inverted repeats

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23
Q

Point mutations are the result of ____________ of one base for another in a DNA sequence.

A

substitution

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24
Q

In an inducible system the _________ of the regulated pathway is involved in transcribing the required genes.

A

promoter

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25
Q

Class I eukaryotic genes are most like ________ genes because the transcripts are ___________.

A

bacterial, short/primitive

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26
Q

The repressor proteins of both inducible and repressible systems are produced ___________, but only that of ________ operons, by ______ binds to the promoter.

A

continuously, inducible, itself

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27
Q

In a re-association kinetics study, the A260 will _________ as more DNA becomes ___________.

A

decrease, re-associated

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28
Q

Movement of DNA within a genome, often with mutagenic consequences, is the result of ____________.

A

transposons

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29
Q

The basic unit of organization in eukaryotic chromatin is the __________, which consists of an octamer of 4 histone proteins associated with ______________ of DNA, combined with __________.

A

nucleosome, 146 base pairs, linker DNA

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30
Q

The activation of the SOS response is caused by the action of the protein ______.

A

Rec A

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31
Q

After termination of translation, ____ binds the ribosome and causes dissociation of the subunits, and then also aids in the binding of the ______ to the small sub-unit in the next initiation event.

A

IF3, mRNA

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32
Q

Most inducible operons are associated with _______ pathways.

A

catabolic

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33
Q

In classifying mutations on the basis of ultimate causes, they can be either __________ or ________.

A

spontaneous, induced

34
Q

The -imino form of cytosine is complementary to _________.

A

adenine

35
Q

Induction of the lac operon occurs when _______ interacts with the repressor protein.

A

lactose

36
Q

Additions or deletions of nucleotides into a DNA sequence can cause __________ mutations.

A

frameshift

37
Q

Simultaneous transcription and translation allows for the ____________ of repressible operons.

A

attenuation

38
Q

Two general types of causative agents for induced mutations are __________ and ____________.

A

chemicals, UV radiation

39
Q

Digesting the ends of nucleic acids can be accomplished with ____________.

A

exonucleases

40
Q

The repressor protein in a repressible operon binds to the DNA only when first bound by the ___________, which causes the __________ of transcription.

A

co-repressor, inhibition

41
Q

In a transversion mutation, ________ is substituted for a _________.

A

purine, pyrimidine

42
Q

In initiation of translation, ____ aids in the binding of mRNA with the small ribosomal sub-unit and ___ aids in the binding of the initiator tRNA.

A

IF3, IF2

43
Q

The most important types of mutation from the long term perspective of populations are _________.

A

germinal

44
Q

Of the histones, ___ occurs in half the concentration of the other ____ proteins.

A

one, four

45
Q

Addition of the 5’ cap to mRNA is catalyzed by the enzyme _______________ and involves the addition of guanine by a _________ bond.

A

guaninyl transferase, phosphate

46
Q

The initial discovery of middle repetitive DNA came from studies of __________________.

A

Reassociation Kinetics

47
Q

In eukaryotic gene organization, the nucleosome is a unit composed of an octamer of histones that associates with ___.

A

DNA

48
Q

In order for the lac operon to be expressed, ________ must be present to remove the repressor protein and enough _______ must have formed to bind and promote transcription.

A

lactose, cAMP

49
Q

A higher T-melt temperature is seen with ___ rich DNA.

A

G-C

50
Q

Permanent inactivation of genes such as is seen in Barr bodies formed from X chromosomes involves packaging of DNA into ______________.

A

looped domains

51
Q

The _____ form of thymine is complementary with adenine but the ______ form complements guanine.

A

keto, enol

52
Q

The ability of bacteria exposed to UV to recover in the dark was evidence of ___________ repair and this was confirmed by the presence of tritiated _____ in the buffer.

A

base excision, H3-T

53
Q

Because so much of DNA is non-coding in eukaryotes, the ___________ is much lower than that of prokaryotic genomes.

A

gene density

54
Q

Directionality of translation in prokaryotes is established by __________ because the _________ of the amino acid has been chemically altered to methionine.

A

initiator tRNA, N-terminus

55
Q

By the end of condensation, there is a _______ fold reduction in length of the genetic material.

A

10,000

56
Q

The final gene that codes for immunoglobin includes components from both the ________ and _______ gene libraries.

A

constant, variable

57
Q

Two types of post-transcriptional processing in eukaryotes that help slow the degradation of mRNAs are _____ and _________.

A

5’ cap, poly-A tail

58
Q

Removal of non-coding regions from a primary transcript can be ____________ or by way of the ____________.

A

autocatalytic, spliceosome

59
Q

Two general types of substitutional mutations are __________ and ___________.

A

transitions, transversions

60
Q

Excessive DNA damage that leads to high amounts of single-strandedness tends to activate the ___ system, and repair that occurs will be ______________.

A

SOS, highly erroneous

61
Q

A large ribosomal sub-unit in eukaryotes consists of _______ separate RNA molecules.

A

three

62
Q

In bacterial gene expression, it is not uncommon for ___________, _____________, and __________ to occur simultaneously.

A

transcription, translation, and degradation

63
Q

Deamination of adenine produces the base ___________, which is complementary to __________.

A

hypoxanthine, cytosine

64
Q

The “cut and paste” repair method for dimers encountered during replication is called __________________, but the dimer is not _________.

A

recombinational repair, removed

65
Q

The consequence of exposure to nitrous acid is oxidative deamination, and can lead to ___________.

A

point mutations

66
Q

The first step in activating the lac operon involves the removal of the ___________ by the binding of ________.

A

I-protein, lactose

67
Q

One bad thing about alkylating agents is they can lead to the activation of ___ repair.

A

SOS

68
Q

The basic level of chromatin organization involves _____ wrapped around the __________.

A

DNA, platysome

69
Q

In an attenuated operon (tryp), the rate of successful transcription will increase if the amino acid concentration is ____ because translation of the leader polypeptide will _____.

A

low, stall

70
Q

Class III genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III and include genes coding for ______, _______, and __________.

A

tRNA, snRNA, and 5S rRNA.

71
Q

The eukaryotic equivalent of the prokaryotic Pribnow is the __________.

A

TATA box

72
Q

The _________ represents the sum total of all transcriptional activity in a given nucleus.

A

HnRNA

73
Q

An antibody is coded for by a gene, which is custom built with sequences taken from the ________ and ________ libraries.

A

constant. variable

74
Q

Alternative spicing options lead to the formation of _________ products.

A

isoform

75
Q

Exposure to nitrous acid causes ____________, and cytosine becomes complementary to ________.

A

point mutations, adenine

76
Q

On average, DNA is a double stranded molecule, but _______ leads to the equilibrium occurrence of single stranded regions.

A

breathing

77
Q

During translocation of translation, the energy of _____ is utilized by the ribosome as it moves _______ down the message.

A

GTP, 1 codon

78
Q

A ribosomal sub-unit is composed of _______ and a set of ________.

A

rRNA, proteins

79
Q

If oxidative deamination of cytosine occurs, the product is _______, which is complementary to _________.

A

uracil, adenine

80
Q

Translocation of the ribosome is aided by the accessory protein ______.

A

EF-G

81
Q

Enzymatic activity in the ribosome by _____________ leads to the linking of amino acids.

A

peptidyl transferase

Genetics (13 decks)

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