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Genetics > Test 2: Fill in the Blanks > Flashcards

Test 2: Fill in the Blanks Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

If primary non-disjunction occurs, all of the resulting gametes will be abnormal; half of them will _________ and the other half __________.

A

diasomic, nullisomic

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2
Q

Individuals with Klinefelter’s will have a diploid number of ___, and the chromosomal genotype ___.

A

47, XXY

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3
Q

Two purines in RNA are _______and _______

A

adenine, guanine

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4
Q

The _______ sub-unit of RNA polymerase is critical for initiation of transcription.

A

sigma

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5
Q

The _____ sequence is a basal promoter at position -10.

A

TATA

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6
Q

The genetic code is not ________, but it is __________

A

ambiguous, degenerate

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7
Q

The _______ level of protein structure is the most important because it is determined by the ______ ______

A

primary, genetic code.

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8
Q

Nirenberg ultimately confirmed codon meanings with the ___________ assay.

A

triplet-binding

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9
Q

Within the cell the tRNAs can be subdivided into 20 _______ ______, each acted on by a specific ________ __________ and each carrying a different _____ ____.

A

iso-accepting groups, amino-acyl synthetase, amino acid

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10
Q

Proof of _____________ replication was provided by _________ and ______

A

semi-conservative, Messelson and Stahl

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11
Q

Proof of high-fidelity synthesis by DNA polymerase was provided by __________.

A

Kornberg

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12
Q

Termination of transcription can be __________ or _________.

A

simple (factor independent), complex (factor dependent)

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13
Q

The two strands of DNA are __________ in their orientation and are held together by ________ _______ between ________ bases

A

anti-parallel, hydrogen bonds, complimentary

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14
Q

Beadle and Tatum proposed the _________________ hypothesis, which was the first solid link between gene expression and _______.

A

One Gene One Enzyme, proteins

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15
Q

The only known viable monosomy in humans is __________________.

A

Turner Syndrome

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16
Q

If the amount of guanine in a DNA sample is 42%, then the amount of adenine would ____.

A

8%

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17
Q

DNA and RNA polymerases are alike in that they both require _________ nucleotides and synthesize in the _______ direction , but DNA polymerase is different because it requires _______.

A

tri-phosphate, 5’ to 3’ direction, primer

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18
Q

The two pyrimidines in RNA are _______ and ________.

A

uracil, cytosine

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19
Q

The initial products of ____________ synthesis on the lagging strand are _______ fragments.

A

discontinuous, Okazaki

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20
Q

Work done with Neurospora and ________ mutants ultimately lead to the proposition of the _____________ hypothesis

A

auxotrophic, One Gene One Enzyme

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21
Q

Two critical players during replication that relieve supercoiling are _________ and ____________.
Individuals with Turner Syndrome have a diploid number of ___ and represent the only known viable _______ __________ in humans.

A

gyrases and topoisomerases, 45, monosomic condition

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22
Q

The only difference between the 5-carbon sugar of DNA and RNA is the presence of a ________ ______ at the 2’ position in RNA but not DNA.

A

hydroxyl group

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23
Q

The core enzyme in bacterial replication lacks the ______ subunit.

A

sigma

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24
Q

Among the main differences between DNA and RNA are the presence of the base _______ that is unique to DNA, the sugar ______ that is unique to RNA and the fact that RNA is a ____________ molecule.

A

thymine, ribose, single-stranded

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25
Q

All known DNA polymerases synthesize in the _______ direction, but may display bi-directional ___________ activity.

A

5’ to 3’, exonuclease

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26
Q

Synthesis of the lagging strand requires repeated _________ events and leads to the initial formation of ________ fragments.

A

discontinuous, Okazaki

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27
Q

A deoxyribonucleotide consists of ___________, __________ and __________.

A

deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

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28
Q

For RNA polymerases, the direction of synthesis is ________ and ___________ nucleotides are required, but _______ are not required.

A

5’ to 3’, tri-phosphate, primers

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29
Q

The minimum length of DNA required to code for a polypeptide with X number of amino acids is _______.

A

3(X)

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30
Q

For DNA polymerase to work, ____________ deoxynucleotides must be present along with a primer that provides a _____ ________ ________.

A

5’ tri-phosphate, free 3’ hydroxyl group

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31
Q

In all matters involving high fidelity, _____________ is critically involved.

A

complementarity

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32
Q

The most common cause of aneuploidy is ___________, and the two types that can occur are .__________ and __________.

A

non-disjunction, primary and secondary

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33
Q

One source of evidence that DNA is the genetic material in eukaryotes is the close correspondence between _________ of uv (260 nm) and the frequency of observed _________.

A

absorption, mutations

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34
Q

Two purines in nucleic acids are _________ and __________.

A

adenine and guanine.

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35
Q

Complementarity between the bases on two strands of DNA is the product of ______ _____ that will occur only if the two strands are __________ to each other.

A

hydrogen bonds, anti-parallel

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36
Q

Plants with seedless fruits are often ___________ and are therefore _______.

A

auto-polyploids, sterile

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37
Q

For in vitro synthesis by DNA polymerase I, a single-stranded ____ ______ must be present along with a primer that provides a free ______.

A

DNA template, 3’ OH

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38
Q

The core RNA polymerase of transcription lacks the ______ subunit, which is required for _________.

A

sigma, initiation

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39
Q

Stem and loop configurations in DNA and even in tRNA are produced by _______ _____________.

A

intra-strand complementarity

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40
Q

The genetic code was broken largely by the work of _________, and he demonstrated that there were ___ codons that specify amino acids.

A

Nirenberg, 61

41
Q

In the genetic machinery, each individual amino acid is represented by a group of __________ tRNAs and has its own ________ system.

A

iso-accepting, charging

42
Q

The final signpost basal promoter is the __________ sequence in prokaryotes.

A

Pribnow (TATA)

43
Q

Garrod’s work of 1909 suggested that genes work by way of _________ _________, but the work of Beadle, Tatum, Srb, Horowitz, and others refined the view to specific enzymes.

A

metabolic pathways

44
Q

Of the two types of euploidy, ___________ is the most biologically important.

A

allopolyploidy

45
Q

During replication, primers made of _____ are added prior to DNA synthesis and provide the __________ required by DNA polymerase.

A

RNA, free 3’ OH

46
Q

In the latter stages of his work, Nirenberg used ____________ to establish the ____________.

A

triplet binding, genetic code

47
Q

Of the aneuploidy conditions known for humans, those affecting _______ chromosomes are the most common.

A

X sex

48
Q

Two forms of more densely packaged DNA that can occur in eukaryotes during Interphase are ________ and _________.

A

A-DNA and Z-DNA.

49
Q

Of the four chemical groupings of amino acids, only one is ____________.

A

hydrophobic

50
Q

Synthesis by DNA polymerase is 5’ to 3’ and is always ______________.

A

unidirectional

51
Q

Tighter coiling of the DNA helix, as found in __ DNA, can play a role in ___________ gene expression.

A

A, inactivating

52
Q

Beadle and Tatum induced ___________mutations in Neurospora, and the screening of mutants was made easier because these molds are _________.

A

auxotrophic, haploid

53
Q

In nature, hybridization between members of two species usually leads to inviable or _______ offspring, but if chromosomal __________ occurs, fertile _________ may be produced that are instantly new species.

A

sterile, doubling, offspring

54
Q

The ____________ form of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase involved in transcription has five subunits, but the core enzyme is formed when the _______ subunit dissociates.

A

holoenzyme, sigma

55
Q

Nucleotides are linked together by _________________ in a polynucleotide chain.

A

phosphodiester bonds

56
Q

There is a very intimate correlation between polynucleotides and polypeptides because each nucleotide _______ can be matched to a specific polypeptide __________.

A

triplet, amino acid

57
Q

Genes affect phenotypes by specifying the _________________ of a protein.

A

linear sequence

58
Q

The charging of a tRNA requires the action of an ______________________ that specifically adds an _____________ to the free __________________.

A

amino-acyl tRNA synthetase, amino acid, 3’ OH of the acceptor on the tRNA.

59
Q

Re-association of single-stranded DNA is prevented during replication by ________________________.

A

single stranded binding protein

60
Q

Z-DNA is characterized by having ___________ per period and assumes a ______________________

A

12 base pairs, left-handed helical structure.

61
Q

Factor dependent termination in bacteria involves the ____ protein and the depletion of __________________.

A

Rho, tri-phosphonucleotides

62
Q

On average DNA is a double-stranded molecule, but __________ leads to the equilibrium occurrence of single-stranded regions.

A

breathing

63
Q

During translocation of translation, the energy of GTP is utilized as the ribosome moves _________ down the message.

A

3 codons

64
Q

The genetic code as described by Nirenberg consists of ___ triplet codons but only ___ specify amino acids.

A

64, 61

65
Q

D- and E-DNAs are generally ______ rich and have _____ stability than B-DNA.

A

A-T, less

66
Q

The two critical differences between DNA and RNA are the presence of the sugar _______ in RNA and the occurrence of the nitrogenous base _________ in DNA.

A

ribose, thymine

67
Q

DNA polymerase must have a ___________ to initiate synthesis during replication, and this is provided by a short _________ composed of _____.

A

free 3’ OH, primer, RNA

68
Q

Structural configurations in RNA molecules are produced by ____________________________.

A

intra-strand complementarity

69
Q

In the basic structure of DNA, two ___________ strands are associated in ___________ configuration to form an ____________.

A

complementary, anti-parallel, alpha helix

70
Q

There is a one to one correlation between ________ of nucleic acids and the amino acids in a polypeptide.

A

triplets

71
Q

The proof that DNA was the genetic material came from experiments done by ___________. and _________________.

A

Avery et. al, Hershey and Chase

72
Q

Discontinuous synthesis leads to the initial production of __________ fragments that are about ______ bases in length.

A

Okazaki, 1000

73
Q

The probability of autosomal monosomies occurring is equal to that of autosomal trisomies, and yet the observed occurrence is ______, suggesting that autosomal monosomies are _______.

A

zero, lethal

74
Q

Patau’s syndrome is due to a __________ condition of chromosome ___.

A

trisomic, 13

75
Q

The presence of _________ ________ sequences in DNA can lead to cruciform configurations by way of _____________________.

A

inverted repeat, intra-strand complementarity

76
Q

A ribosomal sub-unit is composed of ________ and a set of _________.

A

rRNA, proteins

77
Q

After transcription gets underway, the _______ sub-unit dissociates and the ______ ________ carries out the rest of synthesis.

A

sigma, core enzyme

78
Q

High fidelity copying of DNA was demonstrated by __________, when he was able to produce _________ ________ DNA in vitro.

A

Kornberg, infective strand

79
Q

Rolling circle replication is unusual because one complete strand is built ___________ and the other strand is built ______________.

A

continuously, dis-continuously

80
Q

Re-association of a DNA strand with an inverted repeat can lead to the formation of ________ DNA due to the possibility of _________ __________.

A

cruciform, intra-strand complementarity

81
Q

All the DNA polymerases found by Kornberg display __________ synthesis in the _______ direction.

A

continuous, 5’ to 3’

82
Q

The chromosomal make-up of an individual with Klinefelter’s syndrome is ______.

A

XXY

83
Q

In the experiments of Hershey and Chase, ____________ was found in cells, indicating that _____ was the viral genetic material.

A

radio-labeled phosphorus, DNA

84
Q

In bacterial translation, the start codon ____ specifies the amino acid ____________.

A

AUG,methionine

85
Q

Avery et al determined that DNA was critical for the conversion of avirulent ___________ to virulent___________.

A

IIR bacteria, IIIS bacteria

86
Q

Allopolyploids are produced when __________ followed by doubling occurs, and they differ from autopolyploids in that they usually are ___________.

A

hybridization, not sterile

87
Q

The _______ hypothesis was proposed as a result of the observation that the third base of a codon was relatively free.

A

wobbling

88
Q

Primer removal is accomplished by the enzyme _________________

A

DNA polymerase I

89
Q

One very important aspect of the genetic code is that it is ____________, and that provides a buffer against ___________.

A

degenerate, mutation

90
Q

The amino acids are grouped as ________, ________, _______, and _______ on the basis of chemical properties.

A

polar, non-polar, acidic, and basic

91
Q

Multiple copies of viral genomes included in a single molecule are known as _______________.

A

concatamers

92
Q

The sequence common to all 3’ ends of tRNA molecules is ____ and serves as the ______________.

A

CCA, acceptor stem

93
Q

The basic _________ structure of DNA is maintained in aqueous environments due to the _________ nature of the nitrogenous bases and the _________ nature of the sugar-phosphate backbone.

A

alpha helical, hydrophobic, hydrophilic

94
Q

Two types of chromosomal variation caused by segregational mistakes are ____________ and ___________.

A

autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy

95
Q

The primary cause of aneuploidy is _________ and it can be of two types, ________ and _________.

A

non-disjunction, primary and secondary

96
Q

According to Watson and Crick model for DNA, ____________ between base pairs can only occur if the two strands are ____________.

A

complementarity, antiparallel

97
Q

The only difference between the 5C sugar of DNA and RNA is the presence of an ___ at the 2’ position in RNA but not in DNA.

A

OH

98
Q

In nucleotides, the sugar is ___________ for DNA and _________ is a base unique to RNA

A

deoxyribose, Uracil

Genetics (13 decks)

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