Test 2: Fill in the Blanks Flashcards
If primary non-disjunction occurs, all of the resulting gametes will be abnormal; half of them will _________ and the other half __________.
diasomic, nullisomic
Individuals with Klinefelter’s will have a diploid number of ___, and the chromosomal genotype ___.
47, XXY
Two purines in RNA are _______and _______
adenine, guanine
The _______ sub-unit of RNA polymerase is critical for initiation of transcription.
sigma
The _____ sequence is a basal promoter at position -10.
TATA
The genetic code is not ________, but it is __________
ambiguous, degenerate
The _______ level of protein structure is the most important because it is determined by the ______ ______
primary, genetic code.
Nirenberg ultimately confirmed codon meanings with the ___________ assay.
triplet-binding
Within the cell the tRNAs can be subdivided into 20 _______ ______, each acted on by a specific ________ __________ and each carrying a different _____ ____.
iso-accepting groups, amino-acyl synthetase, amino acid
Proof of _____________ replication was provided by _________ and ______
semi-conservative, Messelson and Stahl
Proof of high-fidelity synthesis by DNA polymerase was provided by __________.
Kornberg
Termination of transcription can be __________ or _________.
simple (factor independent), complex (factor dependent)
The two strands of DNA are __________ in their orientation and are held together by ________ _______ between ________ bases
anti-parallel, hydrogen bonds, complimentary
Beadle and Tatum proposed the _________________ hypothesis, which was the first solid link between gene expression and _______.
One Gene One Enzyme, proteins
The only known viable monosomy in humans is __________________.
Turner Syndrome
If the amount of guanine in a DNA sample is 42%, then the amount of adenine would ____.
8%
DNA and RNA polymerases are alike in that they both require _________ nucleotides and synthesize in the _______ direction , but DNA polymerase is different because it requires _______.
tri-phosphate, 5’ to 3’ direction, primer
The two pyrimidines in RNA are _______ and ________.
uracil, cytosine
The initial products of ____________ synthesis on the lagging strand are _______ fragments.
discontinuous, Okazaki
Work done with Neurospora and ________ mutants ultimately lead to the proposition of the _____________ hypothesis
auxotrophic, One Gene One Enzyme
Two critical players during replication that relieve supercoiling are _________ and ____________.
Individuals with Turner Syndrome have a diploid number of ___ and represent the only known viable _______ __________ in humans.
gyrases and topoisomerases, 45, monosomic condition
The only difference between the 5-carbon sugar of DNA and RNA is the presence of a ________ ______ at the 2’ position in RNA but not DNA.
hydroxyl group
The core enzyme in bacterial replication lacks the ______ subunit.
sigma
Among the main differences between DNA and RNA are the presence of the base _______ that is unique to DNA, the sugar ______ that is unique to RNA and the fact that RNA is a ____________ molecule.
thymine, ribose, single-stranded
All known DNA polymerases synthesize in the _______ direction, but may display bi-directional ___________ activity.
5’ to 3’, exonuclease
Synthesis of the lagging strand requires repeated _________ events and leads to the initial formation of ________ fragments.
discontinuous, Okazaki
A deoxyribonucleotide consists of ___________, __________ and __________.
deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group
For RNA polymerases, the direction of synthesis is ________ and ___________ nucleotides are required, but _______ are not required.
5’ to 3’, tri-phosphate, primers
The minimum length of DNA required to code for a polypeptide with X number of amino acids is _______.
3(X)
For DNA polymerase to work, ____________ deoxynucleotides must be present along with a primer that provides a _____ ________ ________.
5’ tri-phosphate, free 3’ hydroxyl group
In all matters involving high fidelity, _____________ is critically involved.
complementarity
The most common cause of aneuploidy is ___________, and the two types that can occur are .__________ and __________.
non-disjunction, primary and secondary
One source of evidence that DNA is the genetic material in eukaryotes is the close correspondence between _________ of uv (260 nm) and the frequency of observed _________.
absorption, mutations
Two purines in nucleic acids are _________ and __________.
adenine and guanine.
Complementarity between the bases on two strands of DNA is the product of ______ _____ that will occur only if the two strands are __________ to each other.
hydrogen bonds, anti-parallel
Plants with seedless fruits are often ___________ and are therefore _______.
auto-polyploids, sterile
For in vitro synthesis by DNA polymerase I, a single-stranded ____ ______ must be present along with a primer that provides a free ______.
DNA template, 3’ OH
The core RNA polymerase of transcription lacks the ______ subunit, which is required for _________.
sigma, initiation
Stem and loop configurations in DNA and even in tRNA are produced by _______ _____________.
intra-strand complementarity