test 3 exam review Flashcards
what is climate?
the long-term average of the weather in a specific place
what is solar radiation?
the method by which the sun heats the surface of the earth and the air.
how does the ocean effect global patterns of wind?
it warms up air and moves it in a diagonal direction up the surface of the earth.
what is a hadley cell?
a block of wind current that is between 0 and 30/-30 that moves air into the equator and tropics.
what is the mid-latitude cell?
a block of wind current from 30-60/-30–60 degrees that moves wind accross and up to the poles
what is a polar cell?
a cell from 60+ that pushes air away from the poles
what is the rain shadow effect?
where the air cools down on the way over a mountain and causes rain then the clouds have no water over the arid side of the mountain.
what are the defining features of a tropical rainforest?
consistant rain, location in the tropics, yearly high temps.
what are the defining features of a desert?
little to no rain, and swingy temperatures
deciduous forests are defined by what?
a consistant cycle of weather and temperature as well as trees that shed and re grow yearly.
what are the defining features of a tundra?
little to no rain, cold temperatures, freezed over
what organism fixes O2?
plants
what organism fixes nitrogen?
nitrogen fixing bacteria
what organsims fix Phospherous?
plants and water
are what trophic levels are plants?
primary producers
what si the trophic level of a grasshopper?
primary consumer
a change in allele frequency can be due to what?
genetic drift, gene flow, bottleneck.
the evolution of a population is the result of what?
a change in genes over time.
how does natural selection Violate hardy-weinberg equilibrium?
the rule of no reproductive difference in success
what does Gene Flow violate in the hardy-weinberg equilibrium?
the no migration clause of organisms.
what does mutation violate in the hardy-weinberg equilibrium?
the no mutation clause
what does genetic drift violate in the hardy-weinberg equlibrium?
the random mating and large enough population size clauses
what are the clauses of hardy-weinberg equilibrium?
no muation, random mating, no gene flow, infinite population size and no selection.
what is micro evolution?
the changing of one trait to be slightly different than before.
what are some of the markers of micro-evolution?
happening over a few generations, a similar visual identity of the organism, only a slight change in environmental identity
what is mAcro-evolution?
a large change of many traits in a population, typically leading to speciation
what are some markers of macro-evolution?
over a long time, changes many traits, a culmination of multiple micro-evolutions, change in speciation
what is biological speciation?
where a group of organsims cannot interbreed with others of similar groups
what is morphospeciation?
where two groups of organisms are morphologically unique from one another
what is ecological speciation?
where a group of organisms settle in to a unique niche in their environments relative to their relatives
what is phylogical speciation?
the speciation based on the most recent common ancestor
what is general speciation?
when a species becomes biologically seperate from one another, a.k.a. Biological speciation.
what is gametic isolation?
where the sperm and the egg of two orgnisms cannot fertilize
what mechanism of evolution cannot lead to speciation?
gene flow
monophyletic group?
a common ancestor and all their decendants
a paraphyletic group?
a common ancestor but not ALL their decendants
polyphyletic groups?
do not share a common ancestor
what is a synapomorphy?
a trait that is shared by the organsims common ancestors
what are homologous traits?
traits that evolved in the same ancestor and are similar to one another
analagous traits?
traits that evolved in seperate organims but have the same function
divergent evolution?
evolution that pushes the organsms in a population to the two extreme phenotypes
convergent evolutinon?
evolution that pushes the traits of organsims to a middleground.
