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bio 1710 ohio u > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the advantage of multicellular organisms?

A

it allows organisms to be larer and have more complex organization.

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2
Q

what is a disadvantageof multicellular organsims?

A

it is harder to get all of these parts to work together properly.

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3
Q

what mechanims coordinate activitis of the parts of an organism?

A

communication between cells, supplying cells with nutrients, controlling exchanges with environment, and intrabody transport.

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4
Q

What is homeostacicity?

A

a process that maintains the temperature and internal environment that you are required to be at to live.

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5
Q

some organims do not have what?

A

an external environment that reflects against the internal

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6
Q

mammals and birds can control what?

A

their internal homeostatic state

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7
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the interior environement formed by an organic liquied which surrounds and baths all tissue elements.

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8
Q

body functions such as heart rate, and blood flow are controlled by what nervous system?

A

the autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

there are three types of nerve cells, what are they?

A

sensory neurons, internureons, and motor neurons

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10
Q

what is a sensory neuron?

A

a neuron that can recieve and transmit information about an animals envornment or internal physiological state .

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11
Q

what is transduction?

A

to transform a physcical tied property to a biochemical or electrical property

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12
Q

what isn interneuron?

A

a neuron that processes and transmits information to different regions

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13
Q

what is amotor neuron?

A

a neuron that creates an appropriate response.

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14
Q

interconnected neurons form what?

A

circuits

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15
Q

what are ganglia?

A

groups of never cell bodies that process sensory and motor information for a body region

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16
Q

a spanal cord is a series of what?

A

body segments

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17
Q

what is cephalization?

A

the evolution of a brain with sensory organs tha the front and the adaptation of forward locomotion and predation.

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18
Q

neurons are the ______ cells in the body

A

longest

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19
Q

dendrites are what?

A

highly branched <2um processes where signals from axons of other neurons are recieved at synapses

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20
Q

signals travel to the what?

A

the cell body or soma

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21
Q

signals are integrated into what?

A

the axon hillock

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22
Q

if total input is strong enough an action potential is generated at the what?

A

the axon hillock and axon

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23
Q

the neuro-transmitter is realeased into what?

A

the synaptic cleft

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24
Q

what is the space in which neuro transmitter flows through?

A

the presynaptic tunnel

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25
Q

what are glial cells?

A

cells that provide support and nutrition to neurons

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26
Q

galial cells work to do what with nuerons as well as providing support and nutrients?

A

creates insulation in the nervous system

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27
Q

what is a schwann cell?

A

a glial cell that insulates neurons in the peripheral nervous system

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28
Q

what is a oligodendrocyte?

A

the same insulation a schwann cell but in the central nervous system.

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29
Q

what is the equilibrium potential?

A

the potential at which there will be no net flow of ions accross a membrane

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30
Q

the brain uses how much of your chaloric intake?

A

20%

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31
Q

what is the nuerons resting potential?

A

the number of the difference inbetween e and k

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32
Q

what is resting potential?

A

neuron’s membrane potential at steady-state

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33
Q

resting potential depends on

A

relative amount of na and k channels open.

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34
Q

neurons send signals down axons via what?

A

action potentials

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35
Q

what are action potentials?

A

temporary changes in membrane potential.

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36
Q

the action potential has three phases, what are they?

A

depolarization, repolarizatoin, and the undershoot or hyperpolarization.

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37
Q

special voltage dependent ion channels at the axon hillock are permiable to what action potential?

A

na or k action potential

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38
Q

inputs that depolarize the cell make what?

A

the excitation threshold

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39
Q

what is the polarization of sodium?

A

eNA+3 (-50)

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40
Q

what is the resting potential of potassium?

A

-90

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41
Q

the three phases of action potential take about how long?

A

1-2ms

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42
Q

action potentials are all or none, in a guiven neuron, action potential always/never have the same shape and duration?

A

action potential always has the same shape and duration.

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43
Q

Refractory period limits what?

A

potential frequency

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44
Q

for most neurons what is the maximum hz?

A

100 to 200 ap/sec (hz)

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45
Q

what is the maximum hz in a specialized neuron?

A

1000

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46
Q

what is resting potential of a cell

A

-70

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47
Q

T/F esps and Ipsp’s are not variable in size.

A

F

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48
Q

If IPSP’s or EPSP’s occur close together they may do what?

A

sum or cancel each other out

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49
Q

how would an IPSP and an EPSP cancel each other out?

A

if they are both active and occur close together.

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50
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

everything not covered by the central nervous system

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51
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

the spine and brain

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52
Q

what is the gastric nervous system?

A

it controls all the intestines

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53
Q

what are two major types of autonomic nervous sysgtem responsibilities?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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54
Q

efferent means what?

A

in

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55
Q

affrent means what?

A

out

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56
Q

what is the afferent nervous system involved in?

A

the sensory nerves

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57
Q

the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are what to each other?

A

opposite

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58
Q

what are the anatomical distributions of sympathetic division?

A

the chain of ganglia is close to the spinal cord and go to the middle of the chord

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59
Q

what is the anitomical distribution of the parasympathetic division?

A

they leave the cns from the brain by cranial nerves and there are no ganglia near the spinal chord.

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60
Q

what is sensory transduction?

A

the process of where the physical or chemical stimulus translates into the firing of neurons

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61
Q

what cell converts external and internal signals to voltage?

A

sensory receptors.

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62
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

respond to specific molecules or classes of molecules

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63
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

receptors that respond to touch or pressure

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64
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

respond to painor harmful stimuli

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65
Q

what are electromagnetic receptors?

A

receptors that respond to electrical and magnetic stimuli

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66
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

receptors that respond to temperature

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67
Q

what are photoreceptors?

A

receptors that respond to wavelengths of light in the parts of the spectrum the organsim can percieve.

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68
Q

what light can our photoreceptors recieve?

A

the visible spectrum

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69
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

a cuticle holding up a surface layer that compresses as it is pushed.

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70
Q

there are how many types of eyes?

A

3

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71
Q

what are eyecups?

A

a depression that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina.

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72
Q

what is a compound eye?

A

an array of small visual units

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73
Q

what animals are compound eyes found inside?

A

insects and crustaeceans

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74
Q

what is the ommatidia?

A

individual light focusing elements with each with lens

75
Q

what gives a compound eyed animal resolution on their eyes.

A

the number of ommatidia

76
Q

what is a single-lens eye?

A

an eye where light enters through lens and is focused on photoreceptors on a particular part of the retina.

77
Q

single lense eyes do what that insects cannot?

A

focus in on images.

78
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

rods and cone

79
Q

what are rod photoreceptors?

A

they are super sensitive to dim light, but they do not see colour.

80
Q

what are cone photoreceptors?

A

less sensative to light but contains opsins to see different wavelengths of light or colour.

81
Q

what is contained in the forebrain?

A

the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus

82
Q

what is contained in the midbrain?

A

the part of the meristem

83
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

a brain structure that coordinates complex motor patterns?

84
Q

what is the brainstem?

A

the center ffor autnomic stuff, regulating the heart, lungs, digestive system, and ect…

85
Q

what is the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

the thalamus relays sensory info to the cerebrum, and hypothalmus controls homeostasis and releases hormones

86
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A

the cerebral cortex, bulk of the brian, devided into the left and right hemispheres, this produces sensory perception motor control, conscious thought, and learning and memory storage.

87
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

it is part of the forebrian that controls physiological drive, instinctsw, emotions, pleasure, pain, reward, rage, this includes the hippocampus and the amaydala, the fear center.

88
Q

what is the amygdala?

A

the fear center

89
Q

what includes the hippocampus?

A

the former of long-term memory formation.

90
Q

cortex means what?

A

bark

91
Q

what is in white matter?

A

myleated axons

92
Q

what is in gray matter?

A

cell bodies and dendrites

93
Q

what are sulci and gyri?

A

folds and ridges

94
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

the advance dthought of humans.

95
Q

what is the parietal cortesx?

A

this is the sensory lobe

96
Q

what is a sensory homunculus?

A

the frontal quarter of your brain that includes all the sensory neurons that provides all felling.

97
Q

language understanding is in what temporal lobe?

A

the left

98
Q

what is the language speaking lobe in?

A

the left frontal lobe

99
Q

there are three muscle types, what are they?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

100
Q

what is a skeletal muscle?

A

connected bones that are multinucleate, long and unbranched.

101
Q

skeletal muscles result in what type of movment?

A

voluntary

102
Q

what are cardiac muscles?

A

these are interdigitate, intercalacted discs

103
Q

cardiac muscles are what type of muscles?

A

involuntary

104
Q

T/F smooth muscle is striated

A

F

105
Q

muscles are composed of what?

A

muscle bundles

106
Q

muscle fibers are single/multicellular unit

A

single cells

107
Q

myofibrils contain what?

A

sarcomeres

108
Q

sarcomeres consist of a unit that repeates over the course of what?

A

a fiber

109
Q

sarcomeres are what kind of organization?

A

longitudinal

110
Q

filiments are made out of what?

A

actin

111
Q

a myosin molecule is what?

A

the coming together of two protien chains with a head, link region, and tail

112
Q

how do muscles change length?

A

muscles produce force and slide actin filaments relative to the other filiments

113
Q

the cross bridge cycle starts with the myosin binding to what to detatch from what?

A

ATP, actin

114
Q

the myosin head catalyses atp with what in the cross-bridge cycle?

A

hydrolysis

115
Q

what does hydrolysis do in the cross bridge cycle?

A

forms, adp, p, and cocks the myosin head back

116
Q

what is a hydrostatic skeletons?

A

skeletons that use pressure of the internal body fuilds to support the body.

117
Q

shedding an exoskeleton is referred to as what?

A

molting

118
Q

some animals through several molts go through what to become adults?

A

metamorphosis.

119
Q

what does the juvinile hormone do?

A

keeps the animal in a juvinile state

120
Q

the endocrine system underlies what?

A

homeostasis

121
Q

the endocrine system controls what?

A

water and electrolyte balance, glucose levels, calcium levels, and overal metabolism

122
Q

water and electrolyhte balance is controlled by what?

A

anti0=-diuretic hromone (adh), and aldosterone

123
Q

glucose levels are controlled by what?

A

insulin and glucagon

124
Q

calcium levels are controlled by what?

A

vitimin C

125
Q

insulin is produced by what?

A

the pancreas

126
Q

when insulin is released in the blood what happens?

A

muscle and liver cells utake and store the excess glucose

127
Q

glucagon responds to what?

A

a lack of gluceose to use in the body

128
Q

in response to glucagon liver cells do what to it?

A

they catabolize it

129
Q

diabetic people have too high/low glucose levels?

A

high

130
Q

in type 2 diabetes they have a defective versoin of what?

A

the insulin receptor

131
Q

in type 1 diabetes a person cannot do what?

A

synthesize insulin

132
Q

what are a number of ppeptide hormones

A

growth hormone, insulin and glucagon, gastrin, cck, secretin, adh, oxycotin.

133
Q

what does gastrin, cck, and secretin do?

A

digestion

134
Q

steroid hormones bind inside/outside of the cell?

A

inside

135
Q

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone do what?

A

regulate the differentiation, maturation, and the functional state of reproductive organs.

136
Q

cortisol does what?

A

mediates long-term stress response and inhibits inflammation

137
Q

aldostrone does what?

A

retains sodium to regulate blood pressure

138
Q

hormones that secrete hormones into the bloodstream are called what?

A

endocrine glands

139
Q

the major human endocrine gland that is situated in the neck is called the what?

A

theyroid gland

140
Q

you have two of these taht sit on top of the kidneys?

A

adrenal glands

141
Q

the hypothalamus releses hormones to what?

A

the antiriro and posterior pituitary glands.

142
Q

the anterior pituitary gland releases what non-tropic hormones?

A

gh, prolactin, tropic, tsh, fsh, lh, and acth

143
Q

the posterior gland releases what?

A

the nontropic, oxyocin, and adh

144
Q

how do you know a neuron is symatic?

A

it is vouluntary activation

145
Q

chitin does what for the z disk?

A

the connect the actin and z disk

146
Q

what is an endocrine signaling molecule?

A

a hormone

147
Q

how are hormones different than neurotransmitters?

A

they move across much farther distances

148
Q

can hormones bind to just one or multiple receptors?

A

multiple

149
Q

what is responsible for the long-term stress response?

A

cortezol

150
Q

what do thyroid hormones do?

A

growth and metabolism

151
Q

what is the definition of cephalization?

A

the concentration of nerves in your head/face

152
Q

what are glial cells?

A

cells that provide food and support for neurons

153
Q

where are schwann cells located?

A

the peripheral nervous system

154
Q

the anterior pituitary gland has a localised blood vessel T/F

A

T

155
Q

what are releasing hormones?

A

releasing hormones are hormones that release hormones into the bloodstream

156
Q

what are inhibiting hormones?

A

hormones that stop the releasing hormones.

157
Q

what are trinary sexual differences?

A

the main, primary reproductive characteristics

158
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics.

A

the “courting” properties of a humn

159
Q

T/F ADH has a role in the parental behavior and pair bonding?

A

F (contrary to slide)

160
Q

the thyroid horomone regulates what?

A

the mood and enegery of a person including their metabolic rates

161
Q

the parathyroid gland secretes what hormone?

A

parathyroid hormone

162
Q

T/F when calcium is too low, pth is released by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone

A

T

163
Q

what gland releases melatonin?

A

the pineal gland

164
Q

T/F melatonin makes you go to sleep

A

F, it tells your brain it’s time to

165
Q

what is the hormone cortisol released from?

A

the adrenal cortex

166
Q

what is the organ that causes the secretion of epinephrine and neopinephrin?

A

the adrenal medulla

167
Q

what is self in relation to biological mechanisms?

A

the organsim or the host

168
Q

what is nonself in relation to biological mechanisms?

A

forein organisms.

169
Q

what is an autoimmune diseases?

A

where the immune system attacks it’s own cells and tissues.

170
Q

what is immunodeficiency?

A

when the immune system does not react when it should and does not adequately protect the organism

171
Q

what are cilia?

A

hairlike projections

172
Q

what doe white blood cells do?

A

protect the organsim in it’s immunity to infection

173
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

It is B cells and T cells

174
Q

where are B cells located?

A

in bone marrow

175
Q

where are T cells?

A

in the mature Thymus

176
Q

B cells produce what?

A

antibodies

177
Q

what are antibodies?

A

Large proteins that bind to molecules on the surface of foreign cells

178
Q

what ar eantigens?

A

molecules on foreign cells that lead to antibody production and that antibodies bind to

179
Q

T cells participate in what?

A

cell mediated immunity

180
Q

what is cell mediated immunity?

A

cells, not antibodies, that recognize and act against pathogens.

181
Q

what are the two main types of T cells?

A

Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells

182
Q

what do Helper T cells do?

A

stimulate the B-cells to make antibodies and help killer cells develop

183
Q

what is atigenic drift?

A

gradual changes in antigens present on the surface of the virus

184
Q

what is antigenic shift?

A

simulataneous infection with two types of flu virus allows the prediction of a sudden “mixed” flu variant

bio 1710 ohio u (28 decks)

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