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Anatomy > Test 3: Chapters 6b, 8, 9 > Flashcards

Test 3: Chapters 6b, 8, 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of bone remodeling

A

Resorption and deposition of bone to:

  • adjust bone shape (maintains thickness of compact bone)
  • regulate blood calcium & phosphate
  • assist repair of broken bones
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2
Q

Normal blood calcium level?

A

9.2-10.4 mg/dL

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3
Q

Normal blood phosphate level

A

3.5-4.0mg/dL

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4
Q

What are the effects of hypocalcemia (insufficient blood calcium)

A

Over excitability of the nervous system; muscle tremors & tetany-carpopedal spasm (ankle/wrist), laryngospasm (throat)

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5
Q

Effects of hypercalcemia (excessive blood calcium)

A

Depresses nervous system-sluggish reflexes; muscle weakness-cardiac arrest

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6
Q

Calcitrol- where it comes from and how it maintains calcium homeostasis

A

Form of vitamin D from kidney-raises blood calcium; increases Ca absorption in intestine, stimulates osteoclasts to remove Ca from bone, promotes Ca reabsorption by kidneys

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7
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Raises blood Ca; stimulates osteoclasts, inhibits osteoblasts so less Ca is added to bone, promotes Ca reabsorption by kidneys

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8
Q

Calcitonin- where it comes from and how it maintains homeostasis

A

From thyroid C cells; lowers blood Ca; inhibits osteoclasts so less Ca is removed from bone, stimulates osteoblasts so more Ca is added to bone

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9
Q

What are the steps bone repair

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
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10
Q

What causes achondroplastic dwarfism

A

Growth hormone(GH) deficiency limits long bone growth

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11
Q

What causes Rickets and osteomalacia

A

Rickets-In kids
Osteomalacia-in adults
Vitamin D or Ca deficiency softens bone

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12
Q

What causes osteoporosis

A

Bone loss from deficient estrogen/activity

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13
Q

What causes osteomyelitis

A

Bacterial infection of bone marrow

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14
Q

What is osteoma

A

Benign tumors in skull bone

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15
Q

What is osteochondroma

A

Benign bone/cartilage tumor of long bone

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16
Q

What is osteosarcoma

A

Malignant cancer in long bones

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17
Q

What is chondrosarcoma

A

Cancer in hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

3 functional classes of joints & examples of each

A
  • synarthroses: little or no movement Ex)skull bones, periodontal ligaments, tibia-fibula, radius-ulna, sternum-rib 1, epiphysis-diaphysis
  • amphiarthroses: slightly moveable Ex)intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis
  • diarthroses: freely moveable Ex) most appendicular joints
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19
Q

3 structural classes and examples of each

A
  • fibrous: collagen fibers Ex) skull bones, periodontal ligaments, tibia-fibula, radius-ulna
  • cartilagenous: cartilage Ex) sternum-rib 1, epiphysis-diaphysis, intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis
  • synovial: synovial fluid in synovial cavity Ex) most appendicular joints
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20
Q

Two types of cartilagenous joints and examples

A
  • synchodroses-hyaline cartilage Ex) sternum-rib 1, epiphysis-diaphysis
  • sympheses-fibrocartilage Ex) intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis
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21
Q

What is synostoses & give examples

A

Fibrous or cartilagenous joints that ossify after growth Ex) skull bone joints (sutures), epiphysis to diaphysis, 1st rib to sternum

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22
Q

Features present in all synovial joints

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Synovial fluid
  4. Articular capsule
  5. Ligaments & tendons
  6. Nerve & blood vessels
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23
Q

Features of synovial joints only in some joints

A
  1. Meniscus (cartilage pads)
  2. Bursa (fibrous sac with synovial fluid)
  3. Tendon sheath (cylindrical bursa)
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24
Q

What are all the types and categories of synovial joints

A

A.) nonaxial- slipping or gliding movement
1. Plane: wrist-carpals, ankle-tarsals
B.) Uniaxial-movement in one plane
2. Hinge: elbow-humerus & ulna, knee-femur & tibia
3. Pivot: elbow-radius & ulna
C.) biaxial-movement in 2 planes
4. Condyloid: base of fingers
5. Saddle: base of thumb
D.) multiaxial- movement in 3 planes
6. Ball & socket: shoulder and hip

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25
Flexion
Decreases joint angle
26
Extension
Increases (straightens) joint angle
27
Hyperextension
Joint extension greater than 180 degrees
28
Abduction
Moving body part away from midsagittal line
29
Adduction
Moving body part toward midsagittal line
30
Circumduction
Circular movement of distal end of appendages
31
Rotation
Bone turns on long axis; medial and lateral
32
Supination
Palm faces forward or upward
33
Pronation
Palm faces backward or downward
34
Dorsiflexion
Toes and sole move upward
35
Plantar flexion
Toes and sole move downward
36
Inversion
Sole faces medically
37
Sole faces laterally
Eversion
38
Protraction
Moves bone anterior
39
Retraction
Moves bone posterior
40
Elevation
Raises bone vertically
41
Lowers bone vertically
Depression
42
Lateral excursion
Slides bone lateral
43
Medial excursion
Slides bone medial
44
Bony articulations and ligaments of the knee
Femoropatellar (tibiafemoral and "fibula" joints) joint Lateral & medial meniscus- cushions the knee Lateral fibular collateral ligament & medial tibial collateral ligament(MCL)-stop rotation of knee Posterior cruciate ligament-stops tibia backward an femur forward Anterior cruciate ligament- stops tibia forward and hyperextension
45
Bone articulations at the elbow
Humeroulnar & radius-ulna & humeroradial joints
46
Bone articulations at the shoulder
Glenohumeral joint
47
Bone articulations at the hip
Coxal joint: femur head-acetabulum of hip
48
What is TMJ and TMJ syndrome
Jaw- temporomandibular joint(TMJ) | TMJ syndrome- headache, dizziness, tinnitus, neck pain, ear ache caused by tension and malocclusion
49
Difference between a strain and a sprain
Strain- overstretched ligaments and tendons | Sprain- torn ligaments and tendons
50
Which joints are likely to dislocate
Jaw, shoulder, elbow, fingers, thumb (from most common to least common)
51
Causes of gout
Uric acid crystals ( big toe)
52
Cause of synovitis
Inflammation of tendon sheath
53
Cause of osteoarthritis
Age+ wear and tear
54
Cause rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disease
55
Functions of muscle tissue
Movement, maintain posture, stabilize and strengthen joints, thermoregulation
56
What are 3 types of muscle tissues & what features distinguish them
Skeletal muscle- voluntary control, striated, calls multinucleate and unbranched, moves bones Cardiac muscle- involuntary control, striated, cells branched and interconnected (intercalated discs) Smooth muscle- involuntary control, not striated, cells fusiform and overlapping
57
Levels of structure of skeletal muscle
Fascicle-fibers-myofibrils-sarcomeres-myofilaments-actin(thin) myosin (thick)
58
4 parts of a muscle fiber & their function
Sarcolemma- plasma membrane of fiber T tubules- tubular extensions of sarcolemma inside the fiber Sarcoplasmic reticulum-endoplasmic reticulum of fiber; stores Ca Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of fiber
59
Name the connective tissue sheaths in a skeletal muscle
Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendons
60
Name the different fiber bands (dark or light?) and which ones change width during muscle contraction
``` A bands- dark I bands- light Z disc-dark H band-light Sarcomere- from one Z disc to the next During contraction, sarcomere shortens in length and the I bands and H bands narrow ```
61
Explain the sliding filament model
During contraction, filaments slide and increase overlap; sarcomere shortens; myosin heads attach actin (cross-bridges form); sliding occurs when head movement pulls on actin ("power stroke")
62
What are the 4 processes of muscle contraction and relaxation
Excitation: nerve stimulates fibers Excitation-contraction coupling: Ca allows cross-bridges to form Contraction: fibers (sarcomere) shorten Relaxation: fibers return to resting length
63
2 steps of excitation
1. Action Potentials (APs) stimulate release of acetylcholine (ACh) 2. AP generated in sarcolemma
64
4 steps of excitation-contraction coupling
3. AP travels down T tubules 4. Ca released from SR into sarcoplasm a 5. Ca binds to troponin on actin 6. Active sites on actin are exposed (where head can attach)
65
4 steps of contraction
7. Breakdown of ATP activates head 8. Head binds to actin (active sites)- cross-bridge forming 9. Head pulls on actin to produce sliding- power stroke 10. Binding of new ATP releases head from actin
66
3 steps of relaxation
11. Nerve stimulation ceases 12. Acetylcholinesterase removes ACh 13. Ca pumped back into SR (requires energy from ATP)
67
What is a motor unit
A nerve and the fibers that it controls; a muscle consists of many motor units
68
How does stimulus frequency and stimulus intensity effect a muscle twitch in an isolated muscle
As voltage/ frequency increases, the number of muscle fibers contracting increases (recruitment of motor units)
69
Define summation, tetanus, and treppe
Summation-contraction increases as shock continues bc Ca built up Tetanus- no time for relaxation as shock continues bc Ca built up Treppe-the gradual increase in muscular contraction following rapidly repeated stimulation
70
Define isometric and isotonic contractions
Isometric- develops tension without changing length | Isotonic- tension constant while length changes
71
Concentric and eccentric contraction
Concentric-causes muscles to shorten, thereby generating forces Eccentric- causes muscles to elongate in response to a greater opposing force
72
3 ways muscles get ATP needed for contraction from
1. Interaction of ADP with creatine phosphate- provides energy for about 15 sec of activity 2. Aerobic respiration (in mitochondria)- when oxygen is available- 38 ATP per glucose 3. Anaerobic respiration (glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation)- when oxygen delivery is insufficient; 2 ATP per glucose; produces lactic acid
73
Characteristics of slow oxidative fiber (red)
Twitch speed: slow, respiration: aerobic, myoglobin: high, mitochondria: many, capillaries: many, glycogen: low, rate of fatigue: slow, recruitment: 1st, fiber diameter: small, more in: postural muscles
74
Characteristics of fast oxidative (intermediate)
Twitch speed: fast, respiration: aerobic, myoglobin: high, mitochondria: many, capillaries: many, glycogen: moderate, rate of fatigue: moderate, recruitment: 2nd, fiber diameter: moderate, more in: upper limb muscles
75
Characteristics of fast glycolytic (white)
Twitch speed: fast, respiration: anaerobic, myoglobin: low, mitochondria: few, capillaries: few, glycogen: high, rate of fatigue: fast, recruitment: 3rd, fiber diameter: large, more in: upper limb muscles
76
Type of fibers in ppl who endurance train & what it does to the muscle
Fast-oxidative; increases ability to supply and use oxygen (more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin)
77
Type of fibers in ppl who resistance train & what it does to the muscle
Fast-glycolytic; increases fiber diameter (adds myofilaments)
78
Distinguishing anatomical features of cardiac muscle
Cells contract as a unit-contracts heart; autorhythmic due to pacemaker cells; control via autonomic nervous system; uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively-large mitochondria make it fatigue resistant
79
What features of skeletal muscles are no present in smooth muscle
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is scanty and has no T tubules
80
What is the different ways smooth muscle can be stimulated to contract
Hormones(gastrin, oxytocin), chemical stimuli (histamine, CO2 increases, low pH, oxygen deficiency), stretch
81
What is the primary origin of Ca ions used during contraction of smooth muscle
Extracellular fluid
82
Difference between single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle & where they're found in the body
``` Single unit (visceral muscle)-innervated by ANS varicosities; electrically coupled by gap junctions; many cells contract as a unit; respond to hormones and many chemical stimuli ; found in longitudinal and circular sheets, in walls of hollow organs (except the heart) Multiunit-ANS innervation; motor units, recruitment; gap junctions are rare; fibers structurally independent; respond to hormones and many chemical stimuli; found in large arteries, iris, airways to lungs, arrector pili muscles ```
83
Describe stretching of smooth muscle
Stretching opens Ca channels, can contract when greatly stretched

Anatomy (11 decks)

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