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Anatomy > Test 3: Chapters 6b, 8, 9 > Flashcards

Test 3: Chapters 6b, 8, 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of bone remodeling

A

Resorption and deposition of bone to:

  • adjust bone shape (maintains thickness of compact bone)
  • regulate blood calcium & phosphate
  • assist repair of broken bones
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2
Q

Normal blood calcium level?

A

9.2-10.4 mg/dL

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3
Q

Normal blood phosphate level

A

3.5-4.0mg/dL

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4
Q

What are the effects of hypocalcemia (insufficient blood calcium)

A

Over excitability of the nervous system; muscle tremors & tetany-carpopedal spasm (ankle/wrist), laryngospasm (throat)

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5
Q

Effects of hypercalcemia (excessive blood calcium)

A

Depresses nervous system-sluggish reflexes; muscle weakness-cardiac arrest

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6
Q

Calcitrol- where it comes from and how it maintains calcium homeostasis

A

Form of vitamin D from kidney-raises blood calcium; increases Ca absorption in intestine, stimulates osteoclasts to remove Ca from bone, promotes Ca reabsorption by kidneys

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7
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Raises blood Ca; stimulates osteoclasts, inhibits osteoblasts so less Ca is added to bone, promotes Ca reabsorption by kidneys

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8
Q

Calcitonin- where it comes from and how it maintains homeostasis

A

From thyroid C cells; lowers blood Ca; inhibits osteoclasts so less Ca is removed from bone, stimulates osteoblasts so more Ca is added to bone

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9
Q

What are the steps bone repair

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
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10
Q

What causes achondroplastic dwarfism

A

Growth hormone(GH) deficiency limits long bone growth

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11
Q

What causes Rickets and osteomalacia

A

Rickets-In kids
Osteomalacia-in adults
Vitamin D or Ca deficiency softens bone

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12
Q

What causes osteoporosis

A

Bone loss from deficient estrogen/activity

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13
Q

What causes osteomyelitis

A

Bacterial infection of bone marrow

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14
Q

What is osteoma

A

Benign tumors in skull bone

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15
Q

What is osteochondroma

A

Benign bone/cartilage tumor of long bone

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16
Q

What is osteosarcoma

A

Malignant cancer in long bones

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17
Q

What is chondrosarcoma

A

Cancer in hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

3 functional classes of joints & examples of each

A
  • synarthroses: little or no movement Ex)skull bones, periodontal ligaments, tibia-fibula, radius-ulna, sternum-rib 1, epiphysis-diaphysis
  • amphiarthroses: slightly moveable Ex)intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis
  • diarthroses: freely moveable Ex) most appendicular joints
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19
Q

3 structural classes and examples of each

A
  • fibrous: collagen fibers Ex) skull bones, periodontal ligaments, tibia-fibula, radius-ulna
  • cartilagenous: cartilage Ex) sternum-rib 1, epiphysis-diaphysis, intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis
  • synovial: synovial fluid in synovial cavity Ex) most appendicular joints
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20
Q

Two types of cartilagenous joints and examples

A
  • synchodroses-hyaline cartilage Ex) sternum-rib 1, epiphysis-diaphysis
  • sympheses-fibrocartilage Ex) intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis
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21
Q

What is synostoses & give examples

A

Fibrous or cartilagenous joints that ossify after growth Ex) skull bone joints (sutures), epiphysis to diaphysis, 1st rib to sternum

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22
Q

Features present in all synovial joints

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Synovial fluid
  4. Articular capsule
  5. Ligaments & tendons
  6. Nerve & blood vessels
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23
Q

Features of synovial joints only in some joints

A
  1. Meniscus (cartilage pads)
  2. Bursa (fibrous sac with synovial fluid)
  3. Tendon sheath (cylindrical bursa)
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24
Q

What are all the types and categories of synovial joints

A

A.) nonaxial- slipping or gliding movement
1. Plane: wrist-carpals, ankle-tarsals
B.) Uniaxial-movement in one plane
2. Hinge: elbow-humerus & ulna, knee-femur & tibia
3. Pivot: elbow-radius & ulna
C.) biaxial-movement in 2 planes
4. Condyloid: base of fingers
5. Saddle: base of thumb
D.) multiaxial- movement in 3 planes
6. Ball & socket: shoulder and hip

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25
Q

Flexion

A

Decreases joint angle

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26
Q

Extension

A

Increases (straightens) joint angle

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27
Q

Hyperextension

A

Joint extension greater than 180 degrees

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28
Q

Abduction

A

Moving body part away from midsagittal line

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29
Q

Adduction

A

Moving body part toward midsagittal line

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30
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement of distal end of appendages

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31
Q

Rotation

A

Bone turns on long axis; medial and lateral

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32
Q

Supination

A

Palm faces forward or upward

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33
Q

Pronation

A

Palm faces backward or downward

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34
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Toes and sole move upward

35
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Toes and sole move downward

36
Q

Inversion

A

Sole faces medically

37
Q

Sole faces laterally

A

Eversion

38
Q

Protraction

A

Moves bone anterior

39
Q

Retraction

A

Moves bone posterior

40
Q

Elevation

A

Raises bone vertically

41
Q

Lowers bone vertically

A

Depression

42
Q

Lateral excursion

A

Slides bone lateral

43
Q

Medial excursion

A

Slides bone medial

44
Q

Bony articulations and ligaments of the knee

A

Femoropatellar (tibiafemoral and “fibula” joints) joint
Lateral & medial meniscus- cushions the knee
Lateral fibular collateral ligament & medial tibial collateral ligament(MCL)-stop rotation of knee
Posterior cruciate ligament-stops tibia backward an femur forward
Anterior cruciate ligament- stops tibia forward and hyperextension

45
Q

Bone articulations at the elbow

A

Humeroulnar & radius-ulna & humeroradial joints

46
Q

Bone articulations at the shoulder

A

Glenohumeral joint

47
Q

Bone articulations at the hip

A

Coxal joint: femur head-acetabulum of hip

48
Q

What is TMJ and TMJ syndrome

A

Jaw- temporomandibular joint(TMJ)

TMJ syndrome- headache, dizziness, tinnitus, neck pain, ear ache caused by tension and malocclusion

49
Q

Difference between a strain and a sprain

A

Strain- overstretched ligaments and tendons

Sprain- torn ligaments and tendons

50
Q

Which joints are likely to dislocate

A

Jaw, shoulder, elbow, fingers, thumb (from most common to least common)

51
Q

Causes of gout

A

Uric acid crystals ( big toe)

52
Q

Cause of synovitis

A

Inflammation of tendon sheath

53
Q

Cause of osteoarthritis

A

Age+ wear and tear

54
Q

Cause rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease

55
Q

Functions of muscle tissue

A

Movement, maintain posture, stabilize and strengthen joints, thermoregulation

56
Q

What are 3 types of muscle tissues & what features distinguish them

A

Skeletal muscle- voluntary control, striated, calls multinucleate and unbranched, moves bones
Cardiac muscle- involuntary control, striated, cells branched and interconnected (intercalated discs)
Smooth muscle- involuntary control, not striated, cells fusiform and overlapping

57
Q

Levels of structure of skeletal muscle

A

Fascicle-fibers-myofibrils-sarcomeres-myofilaments-actin(thin) myosin (thick)

58
Q

4 parts of a muscle fiber & their function

A

Sarcolemma- plasma membrane of fiber
T tubules- tubular extensions of sarcolemma inside the fiber
Sarcoplasmic reticulum-endoplasmic reticulum of fiber; stores Ca
Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of fiber

59
Q

Name the connective tissue sheaths in a skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendons

60
Q

Name the different fiber bands (dark or light?) and which ones change width during muscle contraction

A 
A bands- dark
I bands- light 
Z disc-dark
H band-light 
Sarcomere- from one Z disc to the next
During contraction, sarcomere shortens in length and the I bands and H bands narrow
61
Q

Explain the sliding filament model

A

During contraction, filaments slide and increase overlap; sarcomere shortens; myosin heads attach actin (cross-bridges form); sliding occurs when head movement pulls on actin (“power stroke”)

62
Q

What are the 4 processes of muscle contraction and relaxation

A

Excitation: nerve stimulates fibers
Excitation-contraction coupling: Ca allows cross-bridges to form
Contraction: fibers (sarcomere) shorten
Relaxation: fibers return to resting length

63
Q

2 steps of excitation

A
  1. Action Potentials (APs) stimulate release of acetylcholine (ACh)
  2. AP generated in sarcolemma
64
Q

4 steps of excitation-contraction coupling

A
  1. AP travels down T tubules
  2. Ca released from SR into sarcoplasm a
  3. Ca binds to troponin on actin
  4. Active sites on actin are exposed (where head can attach)
65
Q

4 steps of contraction

A
  1. Breakdown of ATP activates head
  2. Head binds to actin (active sites)- cross-bridge forming
  3. Head pulls on actin to produce sliding- power stroke
  4. Binding of new ATP releases head from actin
66
Q

3 steps of relaxation

A
  1. Nerve stimulation ceases
  2. Acetylcholinesterase removes ACh
  3. Ca pumped back into SR (requires energy from ATP)
67
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A nerve and the fibers that it controls; a muscle consists of many motor units

68
Q

How does stimulus frequency and stimulus intensity effect a muscle twitch in an isolated muscle

A

As voltage/ frequency increases, the number of muscle fibers contracting increases (recruitment of motor units)

69
Q

Define summation, tetanus, and treppe

A

Summation-contraction increases as shock continues bc Ca built up
Tetanus- no time for relaxation as shock continues bc Ca built up
Treppe-the gradual increase in muscular contraction following rapidly repeated stimulation

70
Q

Define isometric and isotonic contractions

A

Isometric- develops tension without changing length

Isotonic- tension constant while length changes

71
Q

Concentric and eccentric contraction

A

Concentric-causes muscles to shorten, thereby generating forces
Eccentric- causes muscles to elongate in response to a greater opposing force

72
Q

3 ways muscles get ATP needed for contraction from

A
  1. Interaction of ADP with creatine phosphate- provides energy for about 15 sec of activity
  2. Aerobic respiration (in mitochondria)- when oxygen is available- 38 ATP per glucose
  3. Anaerobic respiration (glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation)- when oxygen delivery is insufficient; 2 ATP per glucose; produces lactic acid
73
Q

Characteristics of slow oxidative fiber (red)

A

Twitch speed: slow, respiration: aerobic, myoglobin: high, mitochondria: many, capillaries: many, glycogen: low, rate of fatigue: slow, recruitment: 1st, fiber diameter: small, more in: postural muscles

74
Q

Characteristics of fast oxidative (intermediate)

A

Twitch speed: fast, respiration: aerobic, myoglobin: high, mitochondria: many, capillaries: many, glycogen: moderate, rate of fatigue: moderate, recruitment: 2nd, fiber diameter: moderate, more in: upper limb muscles

75
Q

Characteristics of fast glycolytic (white)

A

Twitch speed: fast, respiration: anaerobic, myoglobin: low, mitochondria: few, capillaries: few, glycogen: high, rate of fatigue: fast, recruitment: 3rd, fiber diameter: large, more in: upper limb muscles

76
Q

Type of fibers in ppl who endurance train & what it does to the muscle

A

Fast-oxidative; increases ability to supply and use oxygen (more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin)

77
Q

Type of fibers in ppl who resistance train & what it does to the muscle

A

Fast-glycolytic; increases fiber diameter (adds myofilaments)

78
Q

Distinguishing anatomical features of cardiac muscle

A

Cells contract as a unit-contracts heart; autorhythmic due to pacemaker cells; control via autonomic nervous system; uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively-large mitochondria make it fatigue resistant

79
Q

What features of skeletal muscles are no present in smooth muscle

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is scanty and has no T tubules

80
Q

What is the different ways smooth muscle can be stimulated to contract

A

Hormones(gastrin, oxytocin), chemical stimuli (histamine, CO2 increases, low pH, oxygen deficiency), stretch

81
Q

What is the primary origin of Ca ions used during contraction of smooth muscle

A

Extracellular fluid

82
Q

Difference between single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle & where they’re found in the body

A 
Single unit (visceral muscle)-innervated by ANS varicosities; electrically coupled by gap junctions; many cells contract as a unit; respond to hormones and many chemical stimuli ; found in longitudinal and circular sheets, in walls of hollow organs (except the heart)
Multiunit-ANS innervation; motor units, recruitment; gap junctions are rare; fibers structurally independent; respond to hormones and many chemical stimuli; found in large arteries, iris, airways to lungs, arrector pili muscles
83
Q

Describe stretching of smooth muscle

A

Stretching opens Ca channels, can contract when greatly stretched

Anatomy (11 decks)

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