Lab 3-Axial Skeleton Flashcards by Madison Gillis

Anterior portion of cranium; forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and floor of the anterior cranial fossa

Frontal bone

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2 parts of the frontal bone

Supraorbital foramen (notch) and glabella

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2 parts of the parietal bone

Sagittal suture and coronal suture

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6 parts of the temporal bone

Squamous structure, zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, external acoustic meatus, styloid process, mastoid process

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When the mastoid process becomes infected

Mastoiditis

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When an ear infection that has spread to the mastoid process inflames the brain coverings, or the meninges

Meningitis

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Smooth area between the eyes

Glabella

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Opening above each orbit allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass

Supraorbital foramen (notch)

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Midline articulation point of the two parietal bones

Sagittal suture

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Point of articulation of parietals with frontal bone

Coronal suture

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Posterolateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium

Parietal bone

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Inferior to parietal bone on lateral skull

Temporal bone

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Most posterior bone of cranium-forms floor and back wall

Occipital bone

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Point of articulation of the temporal bone with the parietal bone

Squamous suture

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A bridgelike projection joining the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly

Zygomatic process

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Rounded depression on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process (anterior to the ear); forms the socket for the mandibular condyle, the point where the mandible joins the cranium

Mandibular fossa

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Canal leading to eardrum and middle ear

External acoustic meatus

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Needlelike projection inferior to external acoustic meatus; attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck

Styloid

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Rough projection inferior and posterior to external acoustic meatus; attachment site for muscles. Full of air cavities

Mastoid process

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2 parts of the occipital bone

Foramen magnum and occipital condyles

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Part of the sphenoid bone

Sella turcica

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2 parts of the ethmoid bone

Crista galli and cribriform plate

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8 parts of the mandible

Mandibular body, mandibular Ramos, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, mental foramen, mandibular foramen, alveolar margin, mandibular symphysis

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Part of the maxillae

Alveolar margin

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Large opening in base of occipital, which allows the spinal cord to join with the brain

Foramen magnum

A saddle-shaped region in the sphenoid midline which nearly enclosed the pituitary gland (Turk's saddle)

Sella turcica

Rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas)

Occipital condyles

Bat-shaped bone forming the anterior plateau of the middle cranial fossa across the width of the skull

Sphenoid bone

Vertical projection providing a point of attachment for the dura mater, helping to secure the brain within the skull

Crista galli (cock's comb)

The lower jawbone, which articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull

Mandible

Bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa

Cribriform plates

Irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid. Forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial orbit walls

Ethmoid bone

Horizontal portion; forms the chin

Mandibular body

Vertical extension of the body on either side

Mandibular Ramus

Jutting anterior portion of the ramus; site of muscle attachment

Coronoid process

Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Mandibular condyle

Prominent opening of the body that transmits the mental blood vessels and nerve to the lower jaw

Mental foramen

Anterior median depression indicating point of mandibular fusion

Mandibular fusion

Superior margin of mandible; contains sockets in which the teeth lie

Alveolar margin

Open the lower jaw of the skull to identify this prominent foramen on the medial aspect of the mandibular ramus. Permits passage of the nerve involved with tooth sensation and is the site where the dentist injects Novocain to prevent pain while working on the lower teeth

Mandibular foramen

Two bones fused in a median suture; form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits. All facial bones except the mandible join it. Thus, they are the main, or keystone, bones of the face

Maxillae

Inferior margin containing sockets in which teeth lie

Alveolar margin

Fingernail sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid

Lacrimal bone

Paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form posterior hard palate and part of the orbit

Palatine bone

Lateral to the maxilla; forms the portion of the face commonly called the cheekbone, and forms part of the lateral orbit.

Zygomatic bone

Small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose

Nasal bone

Blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms the posterior and inferior nasal septum

Vomer

Located in the throat above the larynx where it serves as a point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles. Does not articulate with any other bone.

Hyoid bone

Inflammation of the sinuses

Sinusitis

The nucleus pulposus herniates through the annulus portion and typically compresses adjacent nerves.

Ruptured discs

Rounded central portion of the vertebra, which faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column

Body or centrum

Composed of Pericles, laminae, and a spinous process, it represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body

Vertebral arch

Opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch; a conduit for the spinal cord

Vertebral (spinal) foramen

Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

Transverse processes

Single medial and posterior projection from the vertebral arch

Transverse processes

Single medial and posterior projection from the vertebral arch

Spinous process

The right and left pedicles have notches on their inferior and superior surfaces that create openings, the intervertebral foramina, for spinal nerves to lace the spinal cord between adjacent vertebrae

Intervertebral foramina

The seven cervical vertebrae (C1 through C7) form the neck portion of the vertebral column. Bears a large vertical process, the dens or odontoid process, that serves as the pivot point

Cervical vertebrae

Characteristics of cervical vertebrae

Body: small, wide side to side Spinous process: short; bifid; projects directly posteriorly Vertebral foramen: triangular Transverse processes: contains foramina Superior facets directed superoposteriorly and inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly Movements allowed: flexion and extension; lateral flexion; rotation; the spine region with the greatest range of movement

Thoracic vertebrae characteristics

Body: larger than cervical; heart-shaped; bears two costal facets Spinous process: long; sharp; projects inferiorly Vertebral foramen: circular Transverse processes: bear facets for ribs (except T11 and T12) Superior facets directed posteriorly and inferior facets directed anteriorly Movements allowed: rotation; lateral flexion possible but limited by ribs; flexion and extension prevented

Lumbar vertebrae characteristics

Body: massive; kidney shaped Spinous process: short, blunt; projects directly posteriorly Vertebral foramen: triangular Transverse processes: thin and tapered Superior facets directed posteromedially and inferior facets directed anterolaterally Movements allowed: flexion and extension; some lateral flexion; rotation prevented

A composite bone formed from the fusion of 5 vertebrae

Sacrum

A remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae (part of the sacrum)

Sacral crest

Winglike; formed by fusion of the transverse processes, articulate laterally with the hip bones. (Part of the sacrum)

Alae

Where the vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum

Sacral canal

A typical flat bone, is a result of the fusion of 3 bones (breastbone)

Sternum

Superiormost part of the sternum, looks like the knot of a tie; articulates with the clavicle laterally

Manubrium

Forms the bulk of the sternum

The body (gladiolus)

Constructs the inferior end of the sternum and lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space

Xiphoid process

Concave upper border of the manubrium

Jugular notch

A result of the manubrium and body meeting at a slight angle to each other, so that a transverse ridge is formed at the level of the second ribs

Sternal angle

The point where the sternal body and xiphoid process fuse, lies at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebra

Xiphisternal joint

Form the walls of the thoracic cage; 12 pairs

Ribs

First 7 ribs; attach directly to the sternum by their own costal cartilage

True or vertebrosternal ribs

Last 5 ribs; attach indirectly to the sternum or entirely lack a sternal attachment

False ribs

Last 2 ribs; have no sternal attachment

Floating or vertebral ribs