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Anatomy > BI-242: Test 2 > Flashcards

BI-242: Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the process of exchanging gases

A

Gases in and out between lung and air
Gases exchange between capillaries and lungs
Gases transport in the bloodstream
Gases exchange between capillaries and tissues
Cellular respiration

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2
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Gases in and out between lung and air; movement of air into and out of lungs
Aka breathing

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3
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Gases exchange between blood and lungs; O2 and CO2 exchange

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4
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gases exchange between capillaries and tissues; O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Making ATP and metabolites

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6
Q

5 processes of respiration

A 
Pulmonary ventilation 
External respiration 
Transport 
Internal respiration 
Cellular respiration
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7
Q

Organs of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx

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8
Q

Organs of the lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea, Bronchus, bronchiole, respiratory zone

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9
Q

Organs of the lung

A

Bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli

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10
Q

What is the pharynx?

A 
Passage for both food and air 
One end: nose, mouth 
Another end: larynx, esophagus 
Made of muscle only 
Not moveable
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11
Q

What is the larynx?

A 
Air only; voice production 
One end: pharynx 
Another end: trachea 
Made of mainly cartilages 
Is moveable 
Contains voice box
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12
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Prevents food from entering larynx

Made of elastic cartilage

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13
Q

What is the trachea?

A

One end: larynx
Another end: 2 bronchi
Made of 20 C shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Has 4 layers: (inside) mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia (outside)

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14
Q

What makes up the mucosa layer of the trachea?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells on connective tissue

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15
Q

What is the adventitia of the trachea

A

Outermost layer (serosa)

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16
Q

Bronchus characteristics

A

One end: trachea
Another end: bronchiole
Right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than left bronchus
3 branches: primary, secondary, tertiary
Tertiary bronchus leads to primary bronchiole

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17
Q

Bronchiole characteristics

A

One end: bronchus
Another end: alveoli
From cartilage to elastic fibers and smooth muscles
From pseudostratified columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium
Cilia decreases to non

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18
Q

What’s the smallest type of bronchioles?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

3 parts of the respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveoli

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20
Q

Function of the respiratory zone

A

Only alveoli like are to exchange gases

Pulmonary arteriole is full of deoxygenated blood; pulmonary venule is full of oxygenated blood

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21
Q

3 layers of the respiratory membrane

A

Simple squamous epithelium
Fused basement membrane
Continuous capillary endothelium

Blood-air barrier or membrane
Alveolar- capillary barrier or membrane

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22
Q

3 types of cells in the respiratory zone

A

Type 1 alveolar cells
Type 2 alveolar cells
Macrophages

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23
Q

Describe type 1 alveolar cells

A 
Simple squamous epithelium
Most surface area
Less number 
Organelles clustered around the nucleus 
Large areas of free cytoplasm 
Unable to replicate 
Susceptible to toxic insults
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24
Q

Describe type 2 alveolar cells

A

Secrete surfactant
Most number
Stem calls giving rise to more type 1 cells

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25
Q

Describe macrophages

A

Least number

Dust cells

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26
Q

List the different types of macrophages and their location

A 
Lung: alveolar macrophage (dust cell) 
Skin: dendritic cell (Langerhans cells) 
CNS: microglia 
Liver: Kuffer cell 
Bone: osteoclasts
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27
Q

Describes the differences between the two lungs

A

Left lung smaller than right
Left lung have 2 lobes, while the right one has 3
Left lung has cardiac notch

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28
Q

What’s in the mediastinum surface of the lung

A

Pulmonary artery and vein; bronchus; nerves; lymphatic vessels

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29
Q

What is bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Portion of lung supplied by the tertiary bronchus (segmental bronchus)
Anatomical and functional units

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30
Q

Epithelium that makes up trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, and alveoli

A

Trachea, bronchus: ciliated pseudostratified
Bronchiole: simple cuboidal epithelium
Alveaoli: simple squamous epithelium

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31
Q

What makes up the trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, and alveoli

A

Trachea: cartilage
Bronchus: less cartilage
Bronchiole: no cartilage, but smooth muscle
Alveoli: no cartilage and no muscle

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32
Q

Pulmonary arteries supply…

A

Deoxygenated blood to respiratory zone (alveoli)

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33
Q

Pulmonary veins contain…

A

Oxygenated blood

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34
Q

Bronchial arteries supply…

A

oxygenated blood to non-respiratory zone (no alveoli)

-arise from thoracic aorta to azygos vein

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35
Q

Characteristics of pulmonary circulation

A

Low pressure, high volume

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36
Q

What does the parietal pleura line? Visceral pleura?

A

Parietal: thoracic cavity
Visceral: attaches to the lung

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37
Q

What is the pleural cavity filled with?

A

Intrapleural fluid

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38
Q

Mechanic of breathing where gases flow into lungs? Out of lungs?

A

Inspiration and expiration

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39
Q

Muscles involved in breathing

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles (no skeletal muscles within lungs)

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40
Q

What is the force that moves air into the lungs?

A

Atmospheric pressure

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41
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure

A

Pressure inside respiratory tract; can be positive or negative; varies

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42
Q

What is Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure inside pleural cavity; varies but is always negative

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43
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure-intrapleural pressure=4mmHg constant and always positive

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44
Q

All the mechanics of breathing (intrapulmonary/intrapleural/transpulmonary pressure) do what?

A

Prevent the lung from collapse

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45
Q

What causes pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

A

If intrapleural pressure is 0 or positive

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46
Q

Instrument for measuring respiratory volumes and capacities

A

Spirometer

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47
Q

On a spirometer, what means inspire and what means expire?

A

Curve up-inspire

Curve down-expire

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48
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting condition

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49
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal tidal volume inspiration

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50
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal tidal volume expiration

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51
Q

What is residual volume

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

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52
Q

What equals inspiratory capacity?

A

TV+IRV

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53
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Max amount of air that can be expired SLOWLY after a max inspiratory effort
VC=TV+IRV+ERV

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54
Q

Difference between forced vital capacity (FVC) and vital capacity (VC)

A

FVC: has expelled forcefully and rapidly
VC: has expelled slowly

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55
Q

Function of spirometry

A

Contributes to diagnose pulmonary diseases

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56
Q

What does Total lung capacity equal?

A

TV+IRV+ERV+RV

57
Q

What happens in the alveoli during gas exchange?

A

O2 goes down and CO2 goes up

58
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Binding to hemoglobin, producing oxyhemoglobin

59
Q

What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

Perfusion-blood flow reaching alveoli
Ventilation-amount of gas reaching alveoli
Ventilation and perfusion matched (coupled) for efficient gas exchange

60
Q

What happens when alveolar O2 is low/high in ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

High O2: pulmonary arterioles dilate

Low O2: pulmonary arterioles constrict

61
Q

Organs of the digestive system (alimentary canal)

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, anus

62
Q

Other digestive organs

A

Teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder

63
Q

How many teeth do we have?

A

32

64
Q 
Differences between bone and teeth 
Composition 
Peripheral membrane 
Regenerative power
Medulla cavity contents
A 
Composition: 
bone=collagen; teeth=dentine 
Peripheral membrane: bone=periosteum; teeth=enamel 
Regenerative power:
Bones=very strong; teeth=none 
Medulla cavity contents:
Bone=bone marrow; teeth=dental pulp
65
Q

What do salivary glands produce?

A

Salivary amylase

66
Q

Amylase function?

A

Starting point of carbohydrate digestion-from carbohydrate to smaller sugar (partial digestion)

67
Q

How does the nervous system effect your salivary glands?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation increases salivary glands secretion; sympathetic nervous system decreases its secretion

68
Q

What is the esophagus and oral cavity made out of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

69
Q

What is the stomach to large intestine made out of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

70
Q

Function of mouth and esophagus

A

Mastication and deglutition
Starting point of carbohydrate digestion
No absorption

71
Q

Where is the human stomach

A

In abdominal cavity

72
Q

4 parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

73
Q

2 sphincters of the stomach

A

Cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter

74
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter

A

Separates esophagus from stomach

75
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter

A

Separates stomach from duodenum

76
Q

2 curvatures of stomach and where they are

A

Greater curvature- convex lateral surface

Lesser curvature- concave medial surface

77
Q

What are two omentas made out of

A

Folded visceral peritoneum; fat deposition

78
Q

What does mesentery part of the stomach do?

A

Attaches abdominal organs at the posterior abdominal wall; folded visceral peritoneum

79
Q

What are the 4 layers of the stomach?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscle, and serosa

80
Q

What kind of surface epithelium is the mucosa made of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium; folds to form gastric pits

81
Q

What kind of cells are on the surface epithelium of the mucosa

A

Mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and G cells

82
Q

What do mucous cells do?

A

Secrete alkaline, viscous liquid protecting stomach, most top of pit

83
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

Make HCL and gastric acid is made within epithelium by CO2

84
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

Make pepsinogen

85
Q

What does G cells do

A

Enteroendocrine cells: gastrin

Regulate acid secretion

86
Q

What is the first organ to digest protein and how?

A

Stomach; pepsinogen, activated by HCL, becomes active pepsin to digest protein

87
Q

What is the function of pepsin in the stomach (physical and chemical)

A

Digest proteins into smaller polypeptides
Physical functions:
Mechanical breakdown; delivers chyme to small intestine
Chemical functions:
Enzymatic digestion of proteins; no absorption for food but alcohol

88
Q

What parasympathetic nerve and hormone help in the regulation of gastric secretions

A

Vagus nerve and gastrin

89
Q

What bacteria is the main reason for gastritis

A

Helicobacter pylori

90
Q

Explain digestion in mouth

A

Salivary amylase for carbohydrate

91
Q

Explain digestion in stomach

A

Pepsin and HCL for protein

92
Q

What is the major duodenal papilla

A

Opening of pancreatic and hepatic duct into duodenum

93
Q

Duodenum characteristics

A

Curves around head of pancreas

Bile acids and pancreatic juice enter duodenum through major duodenal papilla

94
Q

Where is the liver located

A

Upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity; largest internal organ; lesser omentum anchors liver to stomach

95
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism; bile production

96
Q

What enters the hepatic hilum

A 
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct
Vagus nerve 
Lymphatic vessels
97
Q

Where does the portal vein drain blood from?

A

The GI tract

98
Q

Portal vein characteristics

A

Receives nutrients from superior mesenteric veins and sends them into liver; first processed by liver before systemic circulation

99
Q

Does the mesenteric veins with nutrients drain into the heart directly?

A

No

100
Q

What are the two capillary systems that are connected directly by the portal vein?

A

Intestinal and hepatic capillaries

101
Q

Where does the hepatic artery branch from?

A

Celiac trunk of abdominal aorta; mixes with portal vein into liver capillaries; then back into inferior vena cava

102
Q

What kind of capillaries are in the liver?

A

Sinusoid

103
Q

What are liver lobules?

A

Hexagonal structural and functional units

104
Q

Central vein

A

Center of hepatic lobule; receiving mixed blood from liver sinusoids peripherally

105
Q

Connective tissue in liver?

A

At peripheral with hepatic arterioles and portal venules

106
Q

Liver blood vessels

A

Portal vein and hepatic artery in, portal venules and hepatic arterioles in, capillary: liver sinusoids, central vein out and then fuse hepatic veins out, the inferior vena cava out
Portal vein and hepatic artery fuse.
Nutrients and oxygen used by liver cells in sinusoid

107
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Stores and squeezes out bile acids, NOT makes

108
Q

Where is the common hepatic duct?

A

Leaves liver

109
Q

Where is the cystic duct?

A

Connects with gallbladder

110
Q

Where is the bile duct?

A

Formed by union of common hepatic and cystic ducts for bile acids excretion

111
Q

Bile acids are amphipathic meaning…?

A

Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic heads present

112
Q

What is emulsification by bile acids?

A

Break down of large fats (water insoluble) into smaller droplets (water soluble)
Aid in the absorption of fatty acids
Terminal digestion of fat
Needs bile acids

113
Q

What is enterohepatic circulation

A

Recycles bile salts
Bile salts->duodenum->reabsorbed from ileum->hepatic portal blood
->liver->secreted into bile

114
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

Mostly retroperitoneal

Head encircled by duodenum

115
Q

Endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic islets (langerhans) secrete insulin and glucagon into blood

116
Q

Exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic acini secrete pancreatic juice into duct and then into duodenum

117
Q

What is pancreatic juice?

A

Alkaline solution that neutralizes chyme

118
Q

What is the exocrine function of pancreatic juice

A

Enzymes- only pancreas secretes three types of enzymes that can digest three major nutrients (carbs, fats, proteins)

119
Q

What are the three types of enzymes (pancreatic juice)

A

Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

120
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A 
Digests carbohydrates 
From carbs to smaller sugar 
Partial digestion of carbs 
Stronger than salivary amylase 
Needs intestinal enzymes
121
Q

What does pancreatic lipase do?

A

Digests fats
Terminal digestion of fat
Needs bile acids

122
Q

What does trysinogen and chymotrypsinogen do?

A

Inactive form
Digests proteins after activation
Partial digestion of protein
Needs intestinal enzymes

123
Q

What activates trypsinogen?

A

Enteropeptidase (enterokinase)

124
Q

Process of activation of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted in inactive form (trypsinogen)
Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by enteropeptidase upon reaching the small intestine
Chymotrypsinogen is converted to chymotrypsin by trypsin

125
Q

Carbohydrate polysaccharide: food examples, enzymes, and end product

A

Food: sugar, fiber (veggies), starch (bread)
Enzymes: amylase, BB enzyme
End product: glucose

126
Q

Protein polypeptide: food examples, enzymes, and end product

A

Food: egg white, fish, meat
Enzymes: pepsin (HCL), trypsin, chymotrypsin, BB enzymes
End product: Amino acids

127
Q

Fat triglyceride: food examples, enzymes, and end product

A

Food: saturated fat (meat), unsaturated fat (vegetable oil)
Enzymes: lipase (bile acids)
End product: fatty acids, glycerol

128
Q

Where does the small intestine start and finish

A

From pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve

129
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

130
Q

Function of jejunum

A

Digestion and absorption

Nutrients are absorbed into mesenteric veins and then fused into hepatic portal vein; transports the residues to ileum

131
Q

Microanatomy of the stomach

A

Mesentery contains arteries and veins of intestine

Layers are the same as stomach

132
Q

Explain the microanatomy of the mucosa epithelium of the jejunum

A

Simple columnar cells

Only monomers such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids can be absorbed into blood

133
Q

Explain the transportation of nutrients

A

Almost all monomers of nutrients are transported into mesenteric veins and then portal vein

134
Q 
Salivary amylase in what
Pancreatic amylase in 
Pepsin in 
Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin in
Pancreatic lipases in
A 
Mouth 
Pancreas
Stomach 
Small intestine 
Small intestine
135
Q

Function of ileum

A

Reabsorb bile acids
Almost no absorption of nutrients
No digestion

136
Q

Name all the parts of the large intestine

A

From ileocecal valve to anus
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
Surrounds small intestine

137
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

Continue digestion by bacteria

138
Q

Nerves for digestive tract: enteric nervous system

What is it?

A

Major nerve supply GI tract wall: auto-
Sympathetic NS inhibits digestive activities
Parasympathetic NS stimulates digestive activities

Anatomy (11 decks)

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