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Anatomy > BI-242 Final > Flashcards

BI-242 Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is true about the epicardium?

A

It is the visceral pericardium

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2
Q

Name the heart valves in the order in which an erythrocytes would pass through then after returning to the heart from the left arm

A

Tricuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve, aortic semilunar valve

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3
Q

Damage to cells of the AV bundle would prevent the cardiac impulses from reaching what?

A

Ventricles

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4
Q

List the structures in order that action potential passes

A

SA node, AV node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

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5
Q

In an ECG, the P wave represents what?

A

Depolarization of the atria

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6
Q

During the period of ejection in the cardiac cycle, the atrioventricular valves are __________ and the semilunar valves are__________.

A

Closed, open

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7
Q

Cardiac output is defined as this

A

Heart rate times stroke volume

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8
Q

In a person who has a damaged left ventricle due to a heart attack, they would experience what

A

Left ventricle pumps less blood than the right

Blood accumulates in the pulmonary vessels

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9
Q

What structures returns blood to the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

Inferior and superior vena cava

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10
Q

All cardiac veins empty into the _______, which then empties into the ________.

A

Coronary sinus; right atrium

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11
Q

This type of capillary has no gaps between endothelial calls and is less permeable to large molecules and exists in muscle and nervous tissue

A

Continuous capillaries

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12
Q

List the blood vessels in the order a red blood cell passes through them as it leaves the heart, travels to a tissue , and returns to the heart

A

Elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

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13
Q

Blood going to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries contains a high concentration of _________ and a low concentration of _________.

A

Carbon dioxide; oxygen

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14
Q

The left and right internal carotid arteries and the left and right vertebral arteries all contribute to this

A

Circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle)

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15
Q

Blood from the arms, shoulders, and head passes through this vessel in order to return blood to the heart

A

Superior vena cava

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16
Q

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the junction of these vessels

A

Superior mesenteric and splenic veins

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17
Q

If a person has a systolic pressure of 100mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 70mm Hg, what is the pulse pressure?

A

30mm Hg

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18
Q

Venous return would be increased by this

A

Increased skeletal muscle activity

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19
Q

The colloid osmotic pressure of the blood is caused by this

A

The presence of proteins in the plasma

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20
Q

Give the vessels in order going from small intestine to the inferior vena cava

A

Superior mesenteric vein, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein

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21
Q

During exercise, the blood flow through skeletal muscle may increase up to 20-fold. The cardiac output does not increase that much because of what

A

Vasoconstriction in the viscera, temporary vasoconstriction of the skin, vasodilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels

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22
Q

List the structures in the order that food encounters then as it passes between small intestine and the rectum

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

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23
Q

What is the major duodenal papilla

A

The opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the duodenum

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24
Q

The layer of the digestive tract that is in direct contact with the food that is consumed

A

Mucosa

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25
Q

This kind of epithelium lines the mouth, oropharynx, esophagus and anal canal

A

Stratified squamous

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26
Q

What is the function of bile

A

Contains breakdown products from hemoglobin

Emulsifies fat

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27
Q

Saliva contains the digestive enzyme_______, which breaks down starch into_______.

A

Amylase; maltose

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28
Q

These cells in the gastric glands produce pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

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29
Q

The brain relies almost entirely on this for energy production

A

Glucose

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30
Q

About 99% of the body’s energy storage is in the form of this

A

Lipids

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31
Q

This is the energy currency of the cell

A

ATP

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32
Q

Vegetarians usually have to be more careful about his or her diet than a person who includes meat in the diet because of this

A

Plants are not complete protein foods, a variety of plants must be consumed to include all essential amino acids,
Plants contain less protein per unit weight than meat

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33
Q

What organ of the digestive system does not make lipase

A

Small intestine

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34
Q

Humans can survive most easily without what organ?

A

Gallbladder

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35
Q

Which of the following can NOT be injected into the blood directly for giving patients nutrients

A

Maltose

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36
Q

What composes the urinary system

A

Two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, one urethra

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37
Q

How do you find the volume of an artery in the urinary system

A

Volume of vein+volume of ureter

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38
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

12th rib; between dorsal body wall and the parietal peritoneum in a retroperitoneal position; right kidney is lower than left one

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39
Q

Functions of kidney

A

Excreting water, wastes and foreign substances

Secreting hormones: erythropoietin and renin

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40
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Increases red blood cell production

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41
Q

What does renin do?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Increases blood pressure

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42
Q

What is the renal cortex

A

Outer portion of kidney; lighter color separated from medulla by arcuate arteries and veins

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43
Q

What is the renal medulla

A

Deep to cortex; darker in color

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44
Q

What is the renal column

A

Medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids; have branches of renal arteries and veins

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45
Q

What are the renal pyramids

A

Come-shaped; stripped appearance with papilla pointing to innermost region of kidney; convergence of collecting duct

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46
Q

What is the renal papilla

A

The point where the renal pyramids empty urine into the minor calyx; apex of the renal pyramids; convergence point of collecting duct

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47
Q

What is the minor calyx

A

Surrounds papillae of renal pyramids

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48
Q

What is the major calyx

A

Converged by 3 minor calyces

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49
Q

What is the renal pelvis

A

Converged by 3 major calyces; only one in one kidney; funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter

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50
Q

What is the renal ureter

A

Connects kidneys with urinary bladder

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51
Q

What is the nephron

A

Structural and functional unit of kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine; renal corpuscle located within cortex

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52
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle and what does it do

A

Glomerulus and glomerular capsule; responsible for glomerular filtration and generating primary urine

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53
Q

What is the glomerulus

A

Fenestrated capillaries with oxygenated blood; connects with afferent and efferent arteries; contacts with DCT

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54
Q

What is the glomerular capsule

A

Aka Bowman’s capsule

Cup-like sac enclose glomerulus

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55
Q

What’s the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

Between Bowman’s capsule and the loop of Henle; responsible for tubular reabsorption

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56
Q

What is the Nephron loop

A

Between PCT and DCT; contains Loop of Henle; has four limbs (thick descending, thin descending, thin ascending, thick ascending); descending limbs runs into medulla; ascending limbs return back to cortex; concentrate urine

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57
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

Between nephron loop and CD; connects to one collecting duct; regulates ions and water in urine; influenced by aldosterone; passes near to the original corpuscle to form juxtaglomerular apparatus

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58
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Between renal corpuscle and the returning DCT of the same nephron; makes renin

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59
Q

What is the collecting duct (CD)

A

Deep in renal pyramids; converges at medullary papilla; generate final urine; release it into minor calyx; final component of the kidney to influence the body’s electrolyte and fluid balance

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60
Q

Nephron function

A

Controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites; regulates blood volume and blood pressure

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61
Q 
Describe the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons 
Corpuscle location (cortex) 
Loop location (medulla) 
Loop length (medulla) 
Number 
Capillaries 
Concentrated urine
A 
Cortical:
Farther away 
Shallow short
More 
Pertubular
No 
Juxtamedullary: 
Closer to medulla 
Deep 
Long
Less
Vasa recta
Yes
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62
Q

Kidney blood supply

A

Volume of artery=volume of vein + volume of ureter

Volume of artery and volume of vein are NOT equal

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63
Q

Renal arteries

A 
Renal artery 
Interlobular artery
Arcuate artery
Radiate artery
Afferent artery
Glomerulus 
Efferent arteriole
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64
Q

What does the arcuate artery do?

A

Separates cortex from medulla

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65
Q

What does the radiate artery do?

A

Lead to afferent arteriole

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66
Q

What two arterioles connect the glomerulus? And only supply oxygenated blood

A

Afferent and efferent arteriole

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67
Q

What type of capillary is the glomerulus?

A

Not typical; fenestrated capillary only responsible for filtration, no exchange

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68
Q

What type of capillaries are in the kidney

A

Typical; leads to radiate vein; peritubular and vasa recta
Efferent arteriole comes away from glomerulus and leads to peritubular capillary or vasa recta; connect with two capillaries

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69
Q

Definition of glomerular filtration

A

The plasma is filtered through glomerular filtration membrane

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70
Q

Layers glomerular filtration membrane

A
  1. Endothelium of fenestrated capillaries
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Podocytes
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71
Q

What does the endothelium of fenestrated capillaries

A

Filter through fenestrated pores

Prevent filtration of blood cells

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72
Q

What does the basement membrane do

A

Negatively charged

Preventing filtration of proteins

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73
Q

What podocytes do

A

Filter through slits between pedicles

Preventing filtration of proteins

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74
Q

What the glomerular filtration membrane filters

A

Blood cells; proteins
Keep in blood, not in urine
Nearly no difference between plasma and glomerular filtrate

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75
Q

What glomerular filtrate is made of

A

Primary urine, which has glucose, AA and other ions

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76
Q

What is the filtration force

A

Hydrostatic pressure

Osmotic pressure

77
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure caused by

A

Blood pressure

78
Q

Explain hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus

A

Arteriole blood pressure; tends to force fluids out

79
Q

Explain Hydrostatic pressure in capsule

A

Tends to force fluids back

80
Q

What is osmotic pressure caused by

A

Caused by protein

81
Q

Explain osmotic pressure in glomerulus

A

Caused by plasma proteins

Tends to force fluids back

82
Q

Explain osmotic pressure in capsule

A

0 mm Hg due to few protein content

83
Q

Filtration force formula

A 
Hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus = 60
Hydrostatic pressure in capsule = -18
Osmotic pressure glomerulus = -32
Osmotic pressure in capsule = 0 
Net filtration pressure (NFP) = 10 mm Hg
84
Q

What percentage of primary urine will be reabsorbed

A

99%

85
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) do?

A

Complete reabsorption of glucose and AA into pertubular capillaries; water and NaCl

86
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule

A

Increases water reabsorption by aldosterone

87
Q

What does the collecting duct do

A

Increases water reabsorption by antidiuretic hormone (ADH);
Final component of the kidney to influence the body’s electrolyte and fluid balance;
Primary urine become final urine

88
Q

What is tubular secretion

A

From pertubular capillaries to renal tubular lumen; potassium (K)

89
Q

What is the bladder made of

A

Transitional epithelium

90
Q

What is the internal/external urethral sphincter

A

Internal: smooth muscle
External: skeletal muscle

91
Q 
Difference between male and female bladder 
Bladder size 
Urethra lengthen 
Germ cells 
Prostrate gland
A 
Male: 
Larger 
Longer 
Yes 
Yes 
Female: 
Smaller 
Shorter 
No
No 
Both urine and semen can pass but at different time
92
Q

External/internal reproductive organs

A 
External 
Clitoris=Penis 
Labia majora=scrotum 
ovary=testis 
Internal 
Labia minora=spongy urethra
93
Q

Scrotum function

A

Contains paired testes

Hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity

94
Q

Where does the scrotum come from

A

Abdominal wall

Skin + fascia

95
Q

Characteristics of scrotum

A

Lower than core body temperature, which is necessary for sperm production
Hot-flaccid and lower
Cold-wrinkled and higher

96
Q

Cross section of the penis-3 cylindrical bodies- what’s on the dorsal/ventral side

A

Dorsal: corpus cavernosa (2)
Ventral: corpus spongiosum

97
Q

2 dorsal corpus cavernosa

A

Main erectile bodies
Erection happens due to blood congestion
Branches from internal iliac artery
Parasympathetic NS releases NO in smooth muscles of artery

98
Q

What is the crus

A

At the proximal end of corpus cavernosa

Anchor penis to pubic arch

99
Q

Ventral corpus spongisum characteristics

A

Surrounds urethra
Erectile body
From bulb (proximal end) to glans (distal end)

100
Q

Bulb characteristics

A

Proximal end of corpus spongisum

Surrounded by bulbospongiosus muscle for ejeculation

101
Q

Testis position

A

Within scrotum

102
Q

Testis exocrine function

A

Makes sperm into epididymus

103
Q

Endocrine function of testis

A

Secretes testosterone into blood

104
Q

Where does the tunica vaginalis come from

A

Parietal peritoneum, inner layer of abdominal wall

105
Q

What is the tunica albuginea

A

Under vaginalis

Separates testis interiorly into lobules

106
Q

What two epitheliums are in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Stratified epithelium: germ cells

Simple columnar epithelium: Sertoli cells

107
Q

Seminiferous tubules exocrine function

A

Immobile sperm cells by testicular fluid Sertoli cells

108
Q

What are interstitial cells

A

Leydig cells: secrete testosterone into blood

Blood never goes into seminiferous tubules bc of blood-testis barrier

109
Q

Testis exocrine and endocrine function

A

Exocrine: sperms into seminiferous
Endocrine: testosterone into blood

110
Q

Where is the epididymis

A

Between testis and ductus deferens

111
Q

What is the epididymis function for sperm

A

Become motile
Provide nutrients
Expelled sperms into ductus deferens during ejaculation

112
Q

Where is the ductus deferens

A

Between epididymis and ejaculatory duct
Joins seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct in prostrate
Passes through spermatic cord to pelvic cavity

113
Q

Where does the spermatic cord come from

A

Abdominal wall

114
Q

What’s in the spermatic cord

A

Arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers and vas deferens

115
Q

Internal and external ends of ejaculatory duct are where

A

Internal: formed by Seminal vesicle and vas deferens
External: enter urethra by two openings within prostrate

116
Q

Ejaculatory duct function

A

Contribute to ejaculation

117
Q

Where is the urethra and how many (male)

A

Within corpus spongiosum; one

118
Q

Urethra function

A

Common pathway for both urinary system and male reproductive system both urine and semen can pass but at different time bc of internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle)

119
Q

What is the male duct system

A 
Ducts carry sperm outside from testes 
Epididymus
Ductus deferens 
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
120
Q

Glands in the male reproductive system

A

Paired seminal glands (seminal vesicles)
Prostrate
Paired bulbourethral glands

121
Q

Where is the paired seminal glands

A

Merge with ductus deferens

Posterior to bladder

122
Q

Seminal glands function

A

Most composition of semen
Nourish sperm
Prolong the lifespan of spermatic by the alkaline secretion
Secretion during ejaculation

123
Q

Where is the prostrate gland

A

Encircles urethra just inferior to bladder

Has opening into urethra

124
Q

Prostrate gland function

A

Nourish sperm

Secretion during ejaculation

125
Q

Where is the bulbourethral glands

A

Close to bulb of corpus spongiosum

126
Q

Bulbourethral glands function

A

Lubricating glans of corpus spongiosum
Secretion during sexual arousal
Homologous to Bartholin’s glands in females

127
Q

Urethra is anterior/posterior to vagina

Urethra is/is not part of the female reproductive system

A

Anterior; is not

128
Q

What is the labia majora homologous to in the male

A

Scrotum

129
Q

What is the labia minora homologous to in the male

A

Urethra of penis

130
Q

Where is the ovaries

A

Within intraperitoneal cavity

Above broad ligament

131
Q

What is the broad ligament

A

Folded parietal peritoneum
Separates intraperitoneal cavity from subperitoneal cavity
Anchors reproductive organs

132
Q

Almost all organs of the reproductive system in both male and female are within what?

A 
Subperitoneal cavity (below broad ligament) 
Has opening in female only
133
Q

Exocrine function of ovaries

A

Secrete female gametes (oocyte) into uterine tube

134
Q

Endocrine function of ovaries

A

Secretes sex hormone such as estrogen into blood

135
Q

Describe the ovary surface epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Outer layer derived from peritoneum

136
Q

Where is the tunica albuginea of ovary

A

Under ovary surface epithelium

137
Q

Explain the uterine/Fallopian tubes

A

Have no direct connection with ovaries
Ovulated oocyte is cast into peritoneal cavity

Have ciliated fimbriae of infundibulum create currents to absorb the secondary ooctye
Receive ovulated oocyte
Usual site of fertilization
Not the site of implantation

138
Q

Uterus

A

Site for implanting fertilized ovum (ova)

139
Q

4 parts of the uterus

A

Fundus
Body
Isthmus
Cervix

140
Q

Where is the fundus

A

Superior to the entrance of uterine tube

141
Q

Where is the cervix

A

Vagina

142
Q

Three layers of uterus

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

143
Q

Two layers of the endometrium

A

Stratum functionalis

Stratum basalis

144
Q

Function of stratum functionalis

A

Changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles
Shed during menstruation
Simple columnar epithelium

145
Q

Function of stratum basalis

A

Forms new functionalis after menstruation

Unresponsive to ovarian hormones

146
Q

Where does the embryo and fetus implant?

A

Within endometrium only

147
Q

What’s posterior and anterior to the vagina

A

Rectum posterior

Urethra anterior

148
Q

What is the vagina made out of

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

149
Q

What is the uterus made out of and what is the structure called where the vagina and uterus meet

A

Simple columnar epithelium

Squamocolumnar junction

150
Q

Explain the Bartholin’s gland

A

Homologous to bulbo-urethral glands in male

Release mucus for lubrication

151
Q

What is the vestibular bulb homologous to in the male

A

Bulbospingiosus muscle (bulb)

152
Q

Primary sex organs and what they produce and secrete

A

Testes and ovaries
Produce gametes-sperm and ova
Secrete steroid sex hormones

153
Q

Accessory reproductive organs

A

Ducts, glands

154
Q

Similarities between mitosis and meiosis

A

Both are cell division that occur in humans

Both duplicate chromosome only once

155
Q

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

Synapsis
Recombination of homologous chromosome
Reduction division

156
Q

What is synapsis?

A

Pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes
After first division,
Mitosis: 2n, 1c
Meiosis: 1n, 2c

157
Q

Different ways homologous chromosomes are recombined

A

Chromosomal crossover

Genetic variation

158
Q 
Mitosis vs. meiosis 
Number of divisions:
Synapsis recombination:
Daughter cell number:
Identical to parents’ cell: 
Function:
A 
One; two
No; yes
2; 4
Yes (2n); no (1n)
Growth and repair; reproduction
159
Q

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis is mitosis/meiosis?

A

Meiosis

160
Q

What are Sertoli cells and what do they do?

A 
Simple columnar epithelium surrounding sperm cells
Tight junction 
Blood-testis barrier
Provide nutrients 
Secrete fluid to transport sperm cells 
Phagocytize faulty sperm cell
161
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

Puberty

162
Q

What is spermatogonium?

A

Stem cell most close to the wall of tube

First step of spermatogenesis-mitosis-type A calls and type B daughter cells

163
Q

What do type A cells do?

A

Maintain germ cell line at basal lamina

164
Q

What do type B cells do?

A

Move toward lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes

165
Q

What genotype is the primary spermatocyte before division 1

A

2n, 2c

166
Q

What genotype is the secondary spermatocyte after division 2?

A

1n, 2c

2 cells

167
Q

What genotype is the spermatids after division 2?

A

1n, 2c

4 cells who are round and have cytoplasmic material

168
Q

Describe sperm cells

A

Nearly no cytoplasm and organelles

Only mitochondria and flagellum

169
Q

Describe the head of the sperm

A

Genetic region

170
Q

Describe the midpiece of the sperm cell

A

Mitochondria for ATP to move tail

171
Q

Describe the tail of the sperm

A

Flagellum

Immotile sperm

172
Q

What actually goes into the egg during fertilization

A

Only head; no mitochondria

173
Q

Describe primordial follicles

A 
Smallest follicle 
Earliest follicle 
Highest number before birth 
Grow into primary follicles after birth 
Granulosa cells and primary oocyte
174
Q

Describe primary follicles

A

Grow during infancy and childhood

Granulosa cells and primary oocyte

175
Q

Describe secondary follicles

A

Liquid-filled vesicles
From puberty to menopause
Granulosa cells and primary oocyte

176
Q

Describe a tertiary (vesicular or antral) follicle

A

Fully mature follicle
Vesicular follicle bulges from ovary surface every month
From puberty to menopause (ovulation, 1/month)
Granulosa cells and secondary oocyte

177
Q

Describe ovulation

A

Ejection of secondary oocyte along with granulosa cells from vesicular follicle into uterine tube

178
Q

Describe oogonium

A 
Stem cell
Mitosis before birth of female fetus 
Stops working at birth 
Generates primary oocytes within primordial follicles 
Genotype: 2n, 1c
179
Q

Describe primary oocytes

A

Number already determined at birth for a female
Meiosis 1 starts but arrests during infancy and childhood
Within primordial, primary, or secondary follicle
Genotype: 2n, 2c

180
Q

Describe the secondary oocyte + 1st polar body

A

From puberty to menopause
One primary oocyte finishes meiosis 1 per month
One big secondary oocyte and one small first polar body per month
Genotype: 1n, 2c
Secondary oocyte within tertiary follicle
Oocyte released into Fallopian tube for fertilization
Oocyte arrests at meiosis 2 before fertilization

181
Q

Describe the ovum + 2nd polar body

A

Only when fertilization in fallopian give
Meiosis 2 finishes
One big ovum and one small 2nd polar body
Genotype: 1n, 1c

182
Q

Female germ cells summary

A

Meiosis 1: primary (1)
Secondary (1) + 1 polar body
Meiosis 2: secondary (1)
(Fertilized) ovum (1) + 1 polar body

183
Q

What is happening during menstruation

A

The secondary oocyte (1n, 2c) comes out with blood bc meiosis 2 can’t finish without sperm cells
Caused by hormones from pituitary

184
Q

Describe granulosa cells

A

Surrounds oocyte
Forms blood-follicle barrier
Produce estrogen

185
Q

Similarities between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A

Both meiosis
Both have stem cells
Both mitosis first
Secondary: 1n, 2c

186
Q 
Spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis 
Number of gametes after meiosis 
Time needed
Rate of production 
Cytoplasm in gametes 
Size of gametes 
Equal division 
Limited number of primary gametes 
Starts at
A 
4;1
Months;years 
Millions/month; 1/month 
No;yes 
Smaller/larger
Yes/no 
No; yes 
Puberty; fetus
187
Q

Describe chromatin

A

Unwounds DNA
Cells are in this form for the most time
No mitosis and meiosis

188
Q

Describe chromosome

A

Tightly packed DNA
Little time in this form
During mitosis and meiosis

189
Q

Describe chromatid

A

One copy of a copied chromosome which is still joined to another copy by a single centrosome
2n, 2c

Anatomy (11 decks)

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