Test 2: Chapters 4,5,& 6a Flashcards
Group of similar specialized cells that performs a specific function
Tissue
Describe epithelial tissue
Covers external and internal surfaces; forms most glands; functions to protect, form barriers, regulate the passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide, secretion and absorption
Describe connective tissue
Cells scattered within extracellular matrix (collagen within ground substance and/or fluid); functions to enclose, separate, connect, support, movement, storage, transport, and protection
Describe nervous tissue
Functions as communication system that senses and responds to stimuli; composed of neurons and supporting cells (neuralgia); info travels within neurons as electrical impulse and between neurons as a chemical signal
Type of epithelial that lines the stomach and intestines; produces enzymes and absorbs digested food
Simple columnar
Type of epithelial that excretes and reabsorbs materials to form urine in kidney tubules
Simple cuboidal
Type of epithelial that is very thin so that substances easily move through; forms lining of lung air sacs (alveoli) and small blood vessels (capillaries)
Simple squamous
Type of epithelial in respiratory airways; has cilia; secretes mucus
Pseudostratified columnar
Type of epithelial resistant to abrasion, grows fast for replacement of dead cells; keratinized-skin epidermis; nonkeratinized- mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus
Stratified squamous
Type of epithelial that makes up sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules of testes
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified cuboidal or columnar that stretches (urinary bladder, ureters)
Transitional
Type of connective tissue that binds epithelial to underlying tissues (skin to muscles); matrix-collagen and elastic fibers
Areolar
Type of connective tissue that is the framework for lymphatic organs; matrix-reticular fibers
Reticular
Type of connective tissue; Functions to insulate, cushion, and store energy; matrix- very little collagen and elastic fibers
Adipose
Type of connective tissue that Supports movement (tendons and ligaments); matrix-parallel collagen fibers
Dense regular
Withstands stress (dermis of skin, organ capsules); matrix-collagen and elastic fibers
Dense irregular
Connective tissue that supports and is flexible; matrix-collagen; hyaline (ends of bones at joints, nose), fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs), elastic (external ear)
Cartilage
Type of connective tissue that functions to support, movement, and protection; matrix-collagen in calcium salts
Bone
Type of connective tissue that functions in transport and immunity; matrix-fluid(plasma); ex.) erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Blood
Part of a neuron that conveys signals to the cell body
Dendrites
Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and most organelles
Cell body
Part of the neuron that conveys signals away from the cell body
Axon
Part of the nervous tissue that protects and assists neurons
Neurolgia
Describe skeletal muscle
Voluntary control; striated; cells multinucleate and unbranched; moves bones
Describe cardiac muscle
Involuntary control, striated; cells branched and interconnected (intercalated discs); cells contract as unit; contracts heart
Describe smooth muscle
Involuntary control, not striated; cells fusiform and overlapping; moves walls of digestive tract, small arteries, bronchioles, uterus; controls pupil size and piloerection
Glands without ducts; secrete hormones into blood
Endocrine
Glands with ducts; secrete onto a surface or into an organ
Exocrine
Exocrine gland that secretes thin fluid (sweat, milk, tears)
Serous glands
Secrete mucus (mucin)
Mucous glands
Secrete both thin fluid and mucous (salivary gland)
Mixed glands
Gland that releases cells (sperm or egg)
Cytogenic
Secrete via exocytosis (most sweat, salivary, milk, pancreas, and gastric glands)
Merocrine
Secrete via cell rupture (sebaceous glands-sebum)
Holocrine
Cell apex pinches off (axillary and genital sweat)
Apocrine
Where do mucous membranes occur in the body
Respiratory and digestive
Types of serous membranes
Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal
Where synovial membranes are located
Lining of joint cavities
Where cutaneous membranes are located
Skin
Where endothelium membranes are located
Lining of the circulatory system
What are the functions of the integument
Mechanical protection, barrier to UV radiation, pathogens, sensation, vitamin D production, thermoregulation, osmoregulation (prevents H2O), blood reservoir, excretion
What are the layers of the integument
Epidermis Basement membrane Dermis Hypodermis Muscle
How do the layers of the epidermis form
Cells originate in the stratum basale and are pushed upward; over 40 days, cells become more keratinized and die to form stratum corneum
What are the layers of the epidermis
Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
Bare Skin Girl Lost Clothes
What kind of cells does the stratum basale have
Keratinocytes (make keratin, divide to form upper cell layers), melanocytes (make melanin; protection from UV, gives skin color), and tactile (merkel) cells
What type of cells are in the stratum spinosum
Keratinocytes (connected by desmosomes) and dendritic cells aka Langerhan’s cell (macrophages that fight infection)
Cells in the stratum granulosum
Keratinocytes-2 to 3 layers in thin skin, up to 5 in thick skin; release waterproof glycolipids via exocytosis (lamellated granules); where keratinization begins
Cells in stratum lucidum (visible only in thick skin)
Keratinocytes-thin, translucent layer; anucleate &a no organelles
Cells in stratum corneum
Keratinocytes-up to 30 layers, dead highly keratinized; exfoliate
What makes up the dermis?
Papillary layer (areolar) and a reticular layer (dense irregular) Also contains sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, nail roots, smooth muscles (arrector pili), blood and lymphatic vessels, and glands
What kind of glands are in the dermis and what are their functions
Sebaceous-oily substance (sebum
Ceruminous-earwax (cerumen)
Mammary-produces milk and antibodies
Sudiferous- sweat glands; eccrine (insensible perspiration and diaphoresis aka cooling) apocrine (release pheromones and empty into hair follicles)
Describe the hypodermis
Bunds dermis to underlying tissue; highly vascular; contains “subcutaneous fat” thickness and distribution differs between sexes
How and where does hair growth occur in the skin
Hair matrix produces columns of dead keratinized cells; growth and rest phases alternate- hair follicle regresses during R phase and hair is lost before next G phase; eyelashes, eyebrows, scalp
Describe nail growth
The cell matrix produces layers of dead stratum corneum; nail growth is continuous
Bluish skin
Cyanosis (low blood oxygen)
Yellowish skin
Jaundice (build up of bile pigments)
Bronze skin
Addison’s disease (glucocorticoid deficiency)
Pallor (ashen) skin
Anemia, low blood pressure
Skin rashes are a sign of
Scarlet fever or allergic reaction
What does rough skin texture mean
Vitamin A deficiency
small scaly (keratinized) spots that may become cancerous
Actinic keratosis
Most common skin cancer, rarely metastasizes; begins in stratum basale and extends into dermis
Basal cell carcinoma
2nd most common skin cancer, can metastasize; develops from cells just above stratum basale
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most rare type of skin cancer, metastasis is common; arises from melanocytes, often in moles
Malignant melanoma
How to classify 1st, 2nd, & 3rd degree burns
1st: epidermis damaged from sunburn or brief contact with hot or cold surface
2nd: damage to dermis and epidermis, skin can regenerate
3rd: dermis and epidermis destroyed; recovery from undamaged surrounding skin or skin graft
How is the amount of damaged skin area estimated for a burn victim?
"Rule of nines" Head and neck=9% Upper limbs=18% Trunk=36% Lower limbs=36% Perineum=1%
Lack of melanin
Albinism
Excessive porphyrins (vampires)
Porphyria
“Touch-me-nots” blister
Epidermolysis bullosa
Infection under hair follicle
Boils, carbuncles
Viral infection
Cold sores, warts
Bacterial infection, lesions (children)
Impetigo
Small white spots (fungal infection)
Sunspots
Chemicals (poison ivy)
Contact dermatitis
Allergic rash
Eczema
“Hives” from food, pressure, temperature
Urticaria
Raised red patches with silvery scales
Psoriasis
Uneven melanin dispersal
Vitiligo
“Hard skin” from abnormal collagen
Scleroderma
Dilated blood vessels, unknown cause
Rosacea
Bed sore from poor blood flow
Decubitis ulcer
Hematoma in skin or below
Bruises
Separation of epidermis and dermis
Blisters
Tears in dermis
Stretch marks
What are the functions of bone tissue and the skeletal system
Support, protection, assists movement, storage (calcium and phosphorus), blood cell production, and helps regulate sugar levels and fat mass
Where would you find small bone cavities
Short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, epiphysis of long bones
Where is the medullary cavity
Diaphysis of long bone
Type of marrow that has blood-forming cells; abundant in children
Red
Type of bone marrow that contains mainly fat and is abundant in adults
Yellow
Type of bone marrow that is reddish jelly and abundant in old age
Gelatinous
What is the periosteum and endosteum of bone?
Formed by connective tissue and contain osteoblasts for formation, repair, & remodeling of bone
Periosteum- covers outer surface
Endosteum- lines medullary cavity
Bone cell that arise from osteogenic cells; from bone matrix
Osteoblasts
Bone cell that arise from osteoblasts; communicate via gap junctions; signal osteoblasts to deposit bone and osteoclasts to remove bone
Osteocytes
Bone cell that arise from fused marrow stem cells; reside on bone surface; remove bone as needed
Osteoclasts
Mostly solid matrix; in diaphysis of long bones and outer layer of all bones
Compact bone
Has many small cavities with marrow; in epiphysis of long bones and inferior of all other bones
Spongy bone
Makeup of compact bone
Central canal that contains blood vessels; lacunae that contain osteocytes; lamellae (layers of matrix); canaliculi (canals through lamellae)
Makeup of spongy bone
Trabeculae (thin, interconnecting rods); lamellae and canaliculi; no central canal
Bone development that occurs within connective tissue (osteogenic) membrane; skull flat bones
Intramembranous
Bone development that occurs within cartilage; base of skull and most other bones; epiphyseal plates
Endochondral
How do bones grow in length
At the epiphyseal plate; chondrocytes divide, enlarge and die on epiphyseal side, matrix is calcified, and cartilage on diaphyseal side is replaced by bone
Aka interstitial growth
How do bones grow in width
Osteoblasts deposit new matrix on bone surface (under periosteum) aka appositional growth
