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Anatomy > Test 2: Chapters 4,5,& 6a > Flashcards

Test 2: Chapters 4,5,& 6a Flashcards

1
Q

Group of similar specialized cells that performs a specific function

A

Tissue

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2
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A

Covers external and internal surfaces; forms most glands; functions to protect, form barriers, regulate the passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide, secretion and absorption

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3
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

Cells scattered within extracellular matrix (collagen within ground substance and/or fluid); functions to enclose, separate, connect, support, movement, storage, transport, and protection

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4
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

Functions as communication system that senses and responds to stimuli; composed of neurons and supporting cells (neuralgia); info travels within neurons as electrical impulse and between neurons as a chemical signal

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5
Q

Type of epithelial that lines the stomach and intestines; produces enzymes and absorbs digested food

A

Simple columnar

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6
Q

Type of epithelial that excretes and reabsorbs materials to form urine in kidney tubules

A

Simple cuboidal

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7
Q

Type of epithelial that is very thin so that substances easily move through; forms lining of lung air sacs (alveoli) and small blood vessels (capillaries)

A

Simple squamous

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8
Q

Type of epithelial in respiratory airways; has cilia; secretes mucus

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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9
Q

Type of epithelial resistant to abrasion, grows fast for replacement of dead cells; keratinized-skin epidermis; nonkeratinized- mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus

A

Stratified squamous

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10
Q

Type of epithelial that makes up sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules of testes

A

Stratified cuboidal

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11
Q

Stratified cuboidal or columnar that stretches (urinary bladder, ureters)

A

Transitional

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12
Q

Type of connective tissue that binds epithelial to underlying tissues (skin to muscles); matrix-collagen and elastic fibers

A

Areolar

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13
Q

Type of connective tissue that is the framework for lymphatic organs; matrix-reticular fibers

A

Reticular

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14
Q

Type of connective tissue; Functions to insulate, cushion, and store energy; matrix- very little collagen and elastic fibers

A

Adipose

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15
Q

Type of connective tissue that Supports movement (tendons and ligaments); matrix-parallel collagen fibers

A

Dense regular

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16
Q

Withstands stress (dermis of skin, organ capsules); matrix-collagen and elastic fibers

A

Dense irregular

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17
Q

Connective tissue that supports and is flexible; matrix-collagen; hyaline (ends of bones at joints, nose), fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs), elastic (external ear)

A

Cartilage

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18
Q

Type of connective tissue that functions to support, movement, and protection; matrix-collagen in calcium salts

A

Bone

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19
Q

Type of connective tissue that functions in transport and immunity; matrix-fluid(plasma); ex.) erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

A

Blood

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20
Q

Part of a neuron that conveys signals to the cell body

A

Dendrites

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21
Q

Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and most organelles

A

Cell body

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22
Q

Part of the neuron that conveys signals away from the cell body

A

Axon

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23
Q

Part of the nervous tissue that protects and assists neurons

A

Neurolgia

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24
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary control; striated; cells multinucleate and unbranched; moves bones

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25
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary control, striated; cells branched and interconnected (intercalated discs); cells contract as unit; contracts heart

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26
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

Involuntary control, not striated; cells fusiform and overlapping; moves walls of digestive tract, small arteries, bronchioles, uterus; controls pupil size and piloerection

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27
Q

Glands without ducts; secrete hormones into blood

A

Endocrine

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28
Q

Glands with ducts; secrete onto a surface or into an organ

A

Exocrine

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29
Q

Exocrine gland that secretes thin fluid (sweat, milk, tears)

A

Serous glands

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30
Q

Secrete mucus (mucin)

A

Mucous glands

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31
Q

Secrete both thin fluid and mucous (salivary gland)

A

Mixed glands

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32
Q

Gland that releases cells (sperm or egg)

A

Cytogenic

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33
Q

Secrete via exocytosis (most sweat, salivary, milk, pancreas, and gastric glands)

A

Merocrine

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34
Q

Secrete via cell rupture (sebaceous glands-sebum)

A

Holocrine

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35
Q

Cell apex pinches off (axillary and genital sweat)

A

Apocrine

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36
Q

Where do mucous membranes occur in the body

A

Respiratory and digestive

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37
Q

Types of serous membranes

A

Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal

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38
Q

Where synovial membranes are located

A

Lining of joint cavities

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39
Q

Where cutaneous membranes are located

A

Skin

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40
Q

Where endothelium membranes are located

A

Lining of the circulatory system

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41
Q

What are the functions of the integument

A

Mechanical protection, barrier to UV radiation, pathogens, sensation, vitamin D production, thermoregulation, osmoregulation (prevents H2O), blood reservoir, excretion

42
Q

What are the layers of the integument

A 
Epidermis 
Basement membrane 
Dermis 
Hypodermis
Muscle
43
Q

How do the layers of the epidermis form

A

Cells originate in the stratum basale and are pushed upward; over 40 days, cells become more keratinized and die to form stratum corneum

44
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A

Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Bare Skin Girl Lost Clothes

45
Q

What kind of cells does the stratum basale have

A

Keratinocytes (make keratin, divide to form upper cell layers), melanocytes (make melanin; protection from UV, gives skin color), and tactile (merkel) cells

46
Q

What type of cells are in the stratum spinosum

A

Keratinocytes (connected by desmosomes) and dendritic cells aka Langerhan’s cell (macrophages that fight infection)

47
Q

Cells in the stratum granulosum

A

Keratinocytes-2 to 3 layers in thin skin, up to 5 in thick skin; release waterproof glycolipids via exocytosis (lamellated granules); where keratinization begins

48
Q

Cells in stratum lucidum (visible only in thick skin)

A

Keratinocytes-thin, translucent layer; anucleate &a no organelles

49
Q

Cells in stratum corneum

A

Keratinocytes-up to 30 layers, dead highly keratinized; exfoliate

50
Q

What makes up the dermis?

A 
Papillary layer (areolar) and a reticular layer (dense irregular)
Also contains sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, nail roots, smooth muscles (arrector pili), blood and lymphatic vessels, and glands
51
Q

What kind of glands are in the dermis and what are their functions

A

Sebaceous-oily substance (sebum
Ceruminous-earwax (cerumen)
Mammary-produces milk and antibodies
Sudiferous- sweat glands; eccrine (insensible perspiration and diaphoresis aka cooling) apocrine (release pheromones and empty into hair follicles)

52
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Bunds dermis to underlying tissue; highly vascular; contains “subcutaneous fat” thickness and distribution differs between sexes

53
Q

How and where does hair growth occur in the skin

A

Hair matrix produces columns of dead keratinized cells; growth and rest phases alternate- hair follicle regresses during R phase and hair is lost before next G phase; eyelashes, eyebrows, scalp

54
Q

Describe nail growth

A

The cell matrix produces layers of dead stratum corneum; nail growth is continuous

55
Q

Bluish skin

A

Cyanosis (low blood oxygen)

56
Q

Yellowish skin

A

Jaundice (build up of bile pigments)

57
Q

Bronze skin

A

Addison’s disease (glucocorticoid deficiency)

58
Q

Pallor (ashen) skin

A

Anemia, low blood pressure

59
Q

Skin rashes are a sign of

A

Scarlet fever or allergic reaction

60
Q

What does rough skin texture mean

A

Vitamin A deficiency

61
Q

small scaly (keratinized) spots that may become cancerous

A

Actinic keratosis

62
Q

Most common skin cancer, rarely metastasizes; begins in stratum basale and extends into dermis

A

Basal cell carcinoma

63
Q

2nd most common skin cancer, can metastasize; develops from cells just above stratum basale

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

64
Q

Most rare type of skin cancer, metastasis is common; arises from melanocytes, often in moles

A

Malignant melanoma

65
Q

How to classify 1st, 2nd, & 3rd degree burns

A

1st: epidermis damaged from sunburn or brief contact with hot or cold surface
2nd: damage to dermis and epidermis, skin can regenerate
3rd: dermis and epidermis destroyed; recovery from undamaged surrounding skin or skin graft

66
Q

How is the amount of damaged skin area estimated for a burn victim?

A 
"Rule of nines" 
Head and neck=9%
Upper limbs=18%
Trunk=36%
Lower limbs=36%
Perineum=1%
67
Q

Lack of melanin

A

Albinism

68
Q

Excessive porphyrins (vampires)

A

Porphyria

69
Q

“Touch-me-nots” blister

A

Epidermolysis bullosa

70
Q

Infection under hair follicle

A

Boils, carbuncles

71
Q

Viral infection

A

Cold sores, warts

72
Q

Bacterial infection, lesions (children)

A

Impetigo

73
Q

Small white spots (fungal infection)

A

Sunspots

74
Q

Chemicals (poison ivy)

A

Contact dermatitis

75
Q

Allergic rash

A

Eczema

76
Q

“Hives” from food, pressure, temperature

A

Urticaria

77
Q

Raised red patches with silvery scales

A

Psoriasis

78
Q

Uneven melanin dispersal

A

Vitiligo

79
Q

“Hard skin” from abnormal collagen

A

Scleroderma

80
Q

Dilated blood vessels, unknown cause

A

Rosacea

81
Q

Bed sore from poor blood flow

A

Decubitis ulcer

82
Q

Hematoma in skin or below

A

Bruises

83
Q

Separation of epidermis and dermis

A

Blisters

84
Q

Tears in dermis

A

Stretch marks

85
Q

What are the functions of bone tissue and the skeletal system

A

Support, protection, assists movement, storage (calcium and phosphorus), blood cell production, and helps regulate sugar levels and fat mass

86
Q

Where would you find small bone cavities

A

Short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, epiphysis of long bones

87
Q

Where is the medullary cavity

A

Diaphysis of long bone

88
Q

Type of marrow that has blood-forming cells; abundant in children

A

Red

89
Q

Type of bone marrow that contains mainly fat and is abundant in adults

A

Yellow

90
Q

Type of bone marrow that is reddish jelly and abundant in old age

A

Gelatinous

91
Q

What is the periosteum and endosteum of bone?

A

Formed by connective tissue and contain osteoblasts for formation, repair, & remodeling of bone
Periosteum- covers outer surface
Endosteum- lines medullary cavity

92
Q

Bone cell that arise from osteogenic cells; from bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

93
Q

Bone cell that arise from osteoblasts; communicate via gap junctions; signal osteoblasts to deposit bone and osteoclasts to remove bone

A

Osteocytes

94
Q

Bone cell that arise from fused marrow stem cells; reside on bone surface; remove bone as needed

A

Osteoclasts

95
Q

Mostly solid matrix; in diaphysis of long bones and outer layer of all bones

A

Compact bone

96
Q

Has many small cavities with marrow; in epiphysis of long bones and inferior of all other bones

A

Spongy bone

97
Q

Makeup of compact bone

A

Central canal that contains blood vessels; lacunae that contain osteocytes; lamellae (layers of matrix); canaliculi (canals through lamellae)

98
Q

Makeup of spongy bone

A

Trabeculae (thin, interconnecting rods); lamellae and canaliculi; no central canal

99
Q

Bone development that occurs within connective tissue (osteogenic) membrane; skull flat bones

A

Intramembranous

100
Q

Bone development that occurs within cartilage; base of skull and most other bones; epiphyseal plates

A

Endochondral

101
Q

How do bones grow in length

A

At the epiphyseal plate; chondrocytes divide, enlarge and die on epiphyseal side, matrix is calcified, and cartilage on diaphyseal side is replaced by bone
Aka interstitial growth

102
Q

How do bones grow in width

A

Osteoblasts deposit new matrix on bone surface (under periosteum) aka appositional growth

Anatomy (11 decks)

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