Test 2: Chapters 4,5,& 6a Flashcards by Madison Gillis

Group of similar specialized cells that performs a specific function

Tissue

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Describe epithelial tissue

Covers external and internal surfaces; forms most glands; functions to protect, form barriers, regulate the passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide, secretion and absorption

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Describe connective tissue

Cells scattered within extracellular matrix (collagen within ground substance and/or fluid); functions to enclose, separate, connect, support, movement, storage, transport, and protection

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Describe nervous tissue

Functions as communication system that senses and responds to stimuli; composed of neurons and supporting cells (neuralgia); info travels within neurons as electrical impulse and between neurons as a chemical signal

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Type of epithelial that lines the stomach and intestines; produces enzymes and absorbs digested food

Simple columnar

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Type of epithelial that excretes and reabsorbs materials to form urine in kidney tubules

Simple cuboidal

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Type of epithelial that is very thin so that substances easily move through; forms lining of lung air sacs (alveoli) and small blood vessels (capillaries)

Simple squamous

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Type of epithelial in respiratory airways; has cilia; secretes mucus

Pseudostratified columnar

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Type of epithelial resistant to abrasion, grows fast for replacement of dead cells; keratinized-skin epidermis; nonkeratinized- mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus

Stratified squamous

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Type of epithelial that makes up sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules of testes

Stratified cuboidal

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Stratified cuboidal or columnar that stretches (urinary bladder, ureters)

Transitional

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Type of connective tissue that binds epithelial to underlying tissues (skin to muscles); matrix-collagen and elastic fibers

Areolar

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Type of connective tissue that is the framework for lymphatic organs; matrix-reticular fibers

Reticular

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Type of connective tissue; Functions to insulate, cushion, and store energy; matrix- very little collagen and elastic fibers

Adipose

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Type of connective tissue that Supports movement (tendons and ligaments); matrix-parallel collagen fibers

Dense regular

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Withstands stress (dermis of skin, organ capsules); matrix-collagen and elastic fibers

Dense irregular

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Connective tissue that supports and is flexible; matrix-collagen; hyaline (ends of bones at joints, nose), fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs), elastic (external ear)

Cartilage

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Type of connective tissue that functions to support, movement, and protection; matrix-collagen in calcium salts

Bone

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Type of connective tissue that functions in transport and immunity; matrix-fluid(plasma); ex.) erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Blood

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Part of a neuron that conveys signals to the cell body

Dendrites

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Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and most organelles

Cell body

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Part of the neuron that conveys signals away from the cell body

Axon

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Part of the nervous tissue that protects and assists neurons

Neurolgia

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Describe skeletal muscle

Voluntary control; striated; cells multinucleate and unbranched; moves bones

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Describe cardiac muscle

Involuntary control, striated; cells branched and interconnected (intercalated discs); cells contract as unit; contracts heart

Describe smooth muscle

Involuntary control, not striated; cells fusiform and overlapping; moves walls of digestive tract, small arteries, bronchioles, uterus; controls pupil size and piloerection

Glands without ducts; secrete hormones into blood

Endocrine

Glands with ducts; secrete onto a surface or into an organ

Exocrine

Exocrine gland that secretes thin fluid (sweat, milk, tears)

Serous glands

Secrete mucus (mucin)

Mucous glands

Secrete both thin fluid and mucous (salivary gland)

Mixed glands

Gland that releases cells (sperm or egg)

Cytogenic

Secrete via exocytosis (most sweat, salivary, milk, pancreas, and gastric glands)

Merocrine

Secrete via cell rupture (sebaceous glands-sebum)

Holocrine

Cell apex pinches off (axillary and genital sweat)

Apocrine

Where do mucous membranes occur in the body

Respiratory and digestive

Types of serous membranes

Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal

Where synovial membranes are located

Lining of joint cavities

Where cutaneous membranes are located

Skin

Where endothelium membranes are located

Lining of the circulatory system

What are the functions of the integument

Mechanical protection, barrier to UV radiation, pathogens, sensation, vitamin D production, thermoregulation, osmoregulation (prevents H2O), blood reservoir, excretion

What are the layers of the integument

``` Epidermis Basement membrane Dermis Hypodermis Muscle ```

How do the layers of the epidermis form

Cells originate in the stratum basale and are pushed upward; over 40 days, cells become more keratinized and die to form stratum corneum

What are the layers of the epidermis

Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale | Bare Skin Girl Lost Clothes

What kind of cells does the stratum basale have

Keratinocytes (make keratin, divide to form upper cell layers), melanocytes (make melanin; protection from UV, gives skin color), and tactile (merkel) cells

What type of cells are in the stratum spinosum

Keratinocytes (connected by desmosomes) and dendritic cells aka Langerhan's cell (macrophages that fight infection)

Cells in the stratum granulosum

Keratinocytes-2 to 3 layers in thin skin, up to 5 in thick skin; release waterproof glycolipids via exocytosis (lamellated granules); where keratinization begins

Cells in stratum lucidum (visible only in thick skin)

Keratinocytes-thin, translucent layer; anucleate &a no organelles

Cells in stratum corneum

Keratinocytes-up to 30 layers, dead highly keratinized; exfoliate

What makes up the dermis?

``` Papillary layer (areolar) and a reticular layer (dense irregular) Also contains sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, nail roots, smooth muscles (arrector pili), blood and lymphatic vessels, and glands ```

What kind of glands are in the dermis and what are their functions

Sebaceous-oily substance (sebum Ceruminous-earwax (cerumen) Mammary-produces milk and antibodies Sudiferous- sweat glands; eccrine (insensible perspiration and diaphoresis aka cooling) apocrine (release pheromones and empty into hair follicles)

Describe the hypodermis

Bunds dermis to underlying tissue; highly vascular; contains "subcutaneous fat" thickness and distribution differs between sexes

How and where does hair growth occur in the skin

Hair matrix produces columns of dead keratinized cells; growth and rest phases alternate- hair follicle regresses during R phase and hair is lost before next G phase; eyelashes, eyebrows, scalp

Describe nail growth

The cell matrix produces layers of dead stratum corneum; nail growth is continuous

Bluish skin

Cyanosis (low blood oxygen)

Yellowish skin

Jaundice (build up of bile pigments)

Bronze skin

Addison's disease (glucocorticoid deficiency)

Pallor (ashen) skin

Anemia, low blood pressure

Skin rashes are a sign of

Scarlet fever or allergic reaction

What does rough skin texture mean

Vitamin A deficiency

small scaly (keratinized) spots that may become cancerous

Actinic keratosis

Most common skin cancer, rarely metastasizes; begins in stratum basale and extends into dermis

Basal cell carcinoma

2nd most common skin cancer, can metastasize; develops from cells just above stratum basale

Squamous cell carcinoma

Most rare type of skin cancer, metastasis is common; arises from melanocytes, often in moles

Malignant melanoma

How to classify 1st, 2nd, & 3rd degree burns

1st: epidermis damaged from sunburn or brief contact with hot or cold surface 2nd: damage to dermis and epidermis, skin can regenerate 3rd: dermis and epidermis destroyed; recovery from undamaged surrounding skin or skin graft

How is the amount of damaged skin area estimated for a burn victim?

``` "Rule of nines" Head and neck=9% Upper limbs=18% Trunk=36% Lower limbs=36% Perineum=1% ```

Lack of melanin

Albinism

Excessive porphyrins (vampires)

Porphyria

"Touch-me-nots" blister

Epidermolysis bullosa

Infection under hair follicle

Boils, carbuncles

Viral infection

Cold sores, warts

Bacterial infection, lesions (children)

Impetigo

Small white spots (fungal infection)

Sunspots

Chemicals (poison ivy)

Contact dermatitis

Allergic rash

Eczema

"Hives" from food, pressure, temperature

Urticaria

Raised red patches with silvery scales

Psoriasis

Uneven melanin dispersal

Vitiligo

"Hard skin" from abnormal collagen

Scleroderma

Dilated blood vessels, unknown cause

Rosacea

Bed sore from poor blood flow

Decubitis ulcer

Hematoma in skin or below

Bruises

Separation of epidermis and dermis

Blisters

Tears in dermis

Stretch marks

What are the functions of bone tissue and the skeletal system

Support, protection, assists movement, storage (calcium and phosphorus), blood cell production, and helps regulate sugar levels and fat mass

Where would you find small bone cavities

Short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, epiphysis of long bones

Where is the medullary cavity

Diaphysis of long bone

Type of marrow that has blood-forming cells; abundant in children

Red

Type of bone marrow that contains mainly fat and is abundant in adults

Yellow

Type of bone marrow that is reddish jelly and abundant in old age

Gelatinous

What is the periosteum and endosteum of bone?

Formed by connective tissue and contain osteoblasts for formation, repair, & remodeling of bone Periosteum- covers outer surface Endosteum- lines medullary cavity

Bone cell that arise from osteogenic cells; from bone matrix

Osteoblasts

Bone cell that arise from osteoblasts; communicate via gap junctions; signal osteoblasts to deposit bone and osteoclasts to remove bone

Osteocytes

Bone cell that arise from fused marrow stem cells; reside on bone surface; remove bone as needed

Osteoclasts

Mostly solid matrix; in diaphysis of long bones and outer layer of all bones

Compact bone

Has many small cavities with marrow; in epiphysis of long bones and inferior of all other bones

Spongy bone

Makeup of compact bone

Central canal that contains blood vessels; lacunae that contain osteocytes; lamellae (layers of matrix); canaliculi (canals through lamellae)

Makeup of spongy bone

Trabeculae (thin, interconnecting rods); lamellae and canaliculi; no central canal

Bone development that occurs within connective tissue (osteogenic) membrane; skull flat bones

Intramembranous

Bone development that occurs within cartilage; base of skull and most other bones; epiphyseal plates

Endochondral

How do bones grow in length

At the epiphyseal plate; chondrocytes divide, enlarge and die on epiphyseal side, matrix is calcified, and cartilage on diaphyseal side is replaced by bone Aka interstitial growth

How do bones grow in width

Osteoblasts deposit new matrix on bone surface (under periosteum) aka appositional growth