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Physiology S2 > Test 3: Bioenergetics and growth > Flashcards

Test 3: Bioenergetics and growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Collective term for all the chemical reactions occuring in an organism’s body.

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2
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The total energy turnover in the body per unit time.

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3
Q

What is the energy budget?

A

energy in=energy out

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4
Q

What is the unit of energy?

A

joule (J)
- kilojoules (kJ)
- megajoules (MJ)

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5
Q

Does metabolic rate vary? If so, with what?

A

Yes, metabolic rate varies with:
- physical activity
- reproductive status
- lactation
- ambient temperature

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6
Q

How much does metabolic rate raise with an increase in body temperature?

A

A 1 * C raise in body temperature = 10% raise in metabolic activity

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7
Q

Which animals have higher metabolic rates? Young or old?

A

young animals

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8
Q

What hormones and which part of the nervous system increase metabolic rate?

A

Increase in metabolic rate:
- thyroid hormones
- sympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

What part of the nervous system is involved in “stressful” situations?

A

sympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

What happens with metabolic rates during prolongued periods of starvation?

A

metabolic rates gradually fall

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11
Q

What correlation does metabolic rate have with size?

A

inversely proportional
(metabolic rate decreases with an increase of body size) (exponential curve down)

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12
Q

What has a higher metabolic rate, rats or elephants?

A

rats!
they have smaller body sizes = highermetabolic rates

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13
Q

What is the main function of having a SA:V ratio?

A

maintaining body temperature

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14
Q

Why do smaller animals have higher metabolic rates?

A
  • higher breathing rate
  • higher heart rate
  • eat more food per unit body mass
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15
Q

In what two ways can metabolic rate be measured?

A

DIRECT:
- calorimetry

INDIRECT:
- respirometry
- material-balanced method

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16
Q

What is calorimetry?

A
  • direct method of measuring metabolic rate
  • measures heat dissipation
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17
Q

What are the two indirect ways of measuring metabolic rate?

A
  • respirometry
  • material-balanced method
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18
Q

What is respirometry?

A
  • indirect calorimetry method of measuring metabolic rate
  • measuring O2 uptake
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19
Q

What is the material-balanced method?

A
  • indirect calorimetry method of measuring metabolic rate
  • measuring the chemical energy content of the organic matter that enters or leaves the animal’s body
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20
Q

What are the different levels of metabolism?

A
  • basal metabolic rate (BMR)
  • fasting metabolic rate
  • maintenance metabolic rate
  • field metabolic rate
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21
Q

What is BMR?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate:
- minimum metabolic rate required for maintenance of the basic life processes

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22
Q

What is fasting metabolic rate?

A

the metabolic rate of animals that are given the opportunity to stand, lie down, and preform normal body care.

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23
Q

What is maintenance metabolic rate?

A

When an animal eats exactly the aounts of feed required to maintain its body mass and does not produce milk, eggs, or movement.

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24
Q

What is field metabolic rate?

A

the average daily metabolic rate:
how much energy an animal is expending over a 24h period (under conditions such as: hunting, grazing, food searching, rest, reproduction, social interaction, etc.).

25
Q

What are the most important contributions to the calculation of an animals energy requirement? What do such processes require?

A
  • physical work
  • deposition of lipids and proteins during growth and pregnancy
  • production of eggs, wool and milk

each of these processes requires an extra supply of energy and a supply of appropriate nutrients.

26
Q

What is an animals “energy requirement”?

A

sum of:
- maintenance requirement
- other function requirements (eg. milking, fetal growth, physical activity)

27
Q

What does the amount of energy produced depend on?

A

the substrates eaten

28
Q

What are the major biological macromolecules found in food?

A
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
29
Q

Explain the relation of kcal/gram of the different macromolecules.

A
  • lipids (9.3 kcal/gram)
  • proteins (4.1 kcal/gram)
  • carbohydrates (4.1 kcal/gram)
30
Q

How are kcal converted into kJ?

A

1 kcal = 4.2 kJ

31
Q

What is the respiratory quotient? How is it calculated?

A

The Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is the ratio between CO2 production and O2 uptake during steady state conditions.

RQ = CO2 expired / O2 consumed

32
Q

What are the RQ values of the major food macromolecules?

A
  • fatty acids (0.7)
  • proteins (0.8)
  • carbohydrates (1.00)
33
Q

List the macromolecules in terms of increasing RQ values.

A

fats < proteins < carbohydrates

34
Q

List the macromolecules in terms of increasing kcal/gram.

A

carbohydrates = proteins < fats

35
Q

What happens when the RQ > 1?

A

anaerobic respiration

36
Q

Do different substrates have different RQ values?

A

yes.

37
Q

What does the measurement of RQ allow for?

A

Gain information about the source of energy an animal is using.

38
Q

How can one compare the metabolism of animals under different conditions?

A

by comparing RQ

39
Q

What can the RQ value inform one about?

A
  • the substrate used
  • wether it is respired under aerobic conditions
40
Q

What increases during/after meal consumption?

A
  • oxygen consumption
  • heat production
41
Q

What is the heat increment of digestion?

A

The increase in heat production of an organism during or right after meal consumption.

42
Q

When is the heat increment of digestion highest?

A

After a protein rich meal.

43
Q

Compare the heat increment of digestion of different species.

A

ruminants: >50% of the metabolized energy (due to fermentation in the forestomachs)

simple-stomach animals: 10-30%

44
Q

What is the aerobic metabolic scope?

A

the ratio between:
- the highest aerobic metabolic rate that an animal can sustain over brief periods of time
- the maintenance metabolic rate

45
Q

Around how many times can animals increase their metabolic rate during intense excersize?

A

25-35 times
(during fighting/racing)

46
Q

Does utilization of energy in feed vary among animal species? If so, how?

A

Yes, the utilization of energy in the feed varies among animal species.

Carnivores:
- metabolizable energy represents more than 80% of gross energy in their natural diet
- digest meat and fat

Commercial Feed:
- carbohydrate rich (poorly digestable)
- lowers the metabolizable energy

Herbivores:
- cannot utilize as much energy
- diet rich in lignified plant material

Ruminants and Horses:
- 50% energy in feed is lost through feces, urine and methane gas (energy-rich fermentation)
- fed roughage

47
Q

How is energy stored in the body? Why is it stored?

A
  • stored as triglycerides
  • in preperation for: periods when feed is limited/ energy requirements are elevated
48
Q

What do deer have to aid them in the winter?

A

body stores of fat:
- energy source
- sufficient for maintenance requirements for 1-2 months
- winter: grazing is limited, feed has low digestability

49
Q

What do migrating birds and mammals have to aid them in the winter?

A
  • store fat as triglycerides
  • energy for muscle activity
  • triglycerides contribute to: distance and speed of migration
50
Q

What do animals use the stored fat for during lactation?

A
  • ATP production
  • precursors for synthesis of milk fat
51
Q

What is required for the growth and regeneration of an animal?

A
  • steady supply of nutrients
  • generation of ATP
  • organic and inorganic molecule supply
52
Q

How do animals grow during fetal life?

A
  • transport of nutrients across the placenta
  • nutrients contained in the egg (present since the egg was laid)
53
Q

What are the most important hormones for the regulation of growth in fetal stages?

A
  • insulin
  • T3
54
Q

What is insulin and T3 important for?

A
  • hormone
  • regulation of growth in the fetal stages
55
Q

What compounds are important growth regulators after birth?

A
  • growth hormones
  • insulin-like growth factors
56
Q

What is animal aging associated with?

A
  • reduced appetite
  • reduced metabolic rate
  • reduced physical reserves
  • reduced muscle mass
  • reduced mental abilities
57
Q

What happens to the number of cells (in the body) during aging?

A

decreases

58
Q

State examples of diseases associated with aging.

A
  • diabetes mellitus
  • kidney diseases
  • cancer
59
Q

When does a herbivores aging process accelerate?

A
  • teeth become severely abraided
  • ability to digest feed becomes impaired

Physiology S2 (17 decks)

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