T1: Blood Types

Question 1

How are blood types (groups) determined?

Answer 1

specific antigens found on the surface of erythrocytes

Question 2

What is an antigen?

Answer 2

a foreign “non-self” macromolecule which reacts with cells of the immune system.

Question 3

What are the 4 major blood types in humans?

Answer 3

Type A (group II)
Type B (group III)
Type AB (group IV)
Type O (group I)

Question 4

How much blood can dogs and cats donate to the blood bank?

Answer 4

Dog- 20 ml/kg body weight (450ml)
Cat- 10 ml/kg body weight (50ml)

Question 5

What is cross-matching?

Answer 5

Blood test used to test a patients immune system to ensure that the blood it will recieve is compatible.

Question 6

What are the canine blood types?

Answer 6

DEA 1.1 Negative:
- minority
- recognise blood from positive dogs as foreign, and react against it

DEA 1.1 Positive:
- majority
- can only donate to other positive dogs

Question 7

How are blood groups named?

Answer 7

According to the species-specific antigens present on the surface of erythrocytes.

Question 8

Apart from the ABO system, what other system is widely used in humans?

Answer 8

Rhesus group system (Rh):
- positive (presence of Rhesus factor (D- antigen))
- negative (absence of Rhesus factor (D- antigen))

Question 9

What induces immune mediated reactions in animals?

Answer 9

antigens + platelets + leukocytes + plasma proteins

Question 10

What are antibodies? What is their other name? What are they produced by? What do they mediate? What is their function?

Answer 10

• immunoglobulins
• proteins
• produced and secreted by B-lymphocytes (plasma cells)
• mediate a humoral response
• function: determine self vs. foreign material

Question 11

What are the major blood groups of dogs?

Answer 11

8 blood groups: DEA (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen)
- DEA 1.1
- DEA 1.2
- DEA 3
- DEA 4
- DEA 5
- DEA 6
- DEA 7
- DEA 8

NO DEA 2

Question 12

Which blood type in dogs is the “universal dog blood type”? What does this mean?

Answer 12

DEA 1.1 negative
- all dogs can recieve this blood type regardless of their own blood type

Question 13

What are the two key important blood groups of canines?

Answer 13

DEA 1.1 and 1.2

Question 14

Explain the blood groups of cats. Which is most common?

Answer 14

3 Blood Groups:
Type A blood group- most common
Type B blood group
Type AB blood group- rarest

Question 15

Explain the blood groups of horses. How many antigens are recognised? What is the universal donor blood group?

Answer 15

-30 blood groups, 7 internationally recognised (A, C, D, K, P, Q, U)
- 30+ erythrocyte antigens
- no universal donor

Question 16

What do blood groups differ with in horses?

Answer 16

breeds

Question 17

Explain the blood groups of cattle. Which is most common?

Answer 17

11 groups: A, B, C, F, J, L, M, R, S, T.
clinically relevant: B (60 antigens) and J

Question 18

Explain the blood groups of sheep. Which is most common?

Answer 18

7 blood groups: A, B, C, D, M, R, X
- B has over 52 factors

Question 19

Explain the blood groups of goat. Which is most common?

Answer 19

5 blood groups: A, B, C, M, J
- B has over 52 factors

Question 20

Why is it important to know the blood group?

Answer 20

• wrong mixing may lead to agglutenation
  Agglutenation= destruction of erythrocyte membranes –> leakage of heamoglobin into plasma
  HEMOLYSIS

Question 21

Explain the blood groups of birds. Which is most common?

Answer 21

28 different blood group antigens