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Physiology S2 > Functions of the Gastrointestinal Systems of animals (MOUTH + STOMACH) > Flashcards

Functions of the Gastrointestinal Systems of animals (MOUTH + STOMACH) Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion?

A

breakdown of large insoluble food compounds into smaller water-soluble components so that they can be absorbed into the blood plasma.

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2
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

mechanical digestion
chemical digestion

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3
Q

What is the process called in mammals where food is chewed?

A

mastication

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4
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A
  • in mouth
  • food is physically broken down
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5
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • digestive enzymes
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6
Q

What is defecation?

A

release of feces through the anus.

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7
Q

What does the digestive systems of animals depend on?

A
  • diet
  • habitat
  • other physiological characteristics
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8
Q
A
  • more complex in omnivores
  • most complex in herbivores
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9
Q

How is the digestion process controlled?

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • hormonal control
  • reflex mechanism
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10
Q

What types of nerves stimulate digestion?

A

parasympathetic nerves

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11
Q

What types of nerves inhibit digestion?

A

sympathetic nerves

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12
Q

What is the function of short reflexes?

A
  • provide digestive tract with extensive self control
  • stimulatory effects on the digestive processes
  • inhibitory short reflexes are important for relaxation of GI sphincters
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13
Q

What is the function of long reflexes?

A
  • originate within and outside the digestive tract
  • involve long neural pathways between the central nervous system in the walls of the digestive tract.
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14
Q

What is the secretion of saliva regulated by?

A

autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

Explain the regulation of hunger.

A
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16
Q

What is the hunger center regulated by?

A

“hungry blood”- low in glucose, amino acids, etc.
empty stomach which irrigates gastric mucosa mechanocereptors

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17
Q

What is injection?

A

entry of food in the digestive system

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18
Q

mechanical and chemical digestion

A

mastication and mixing

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19
Q

absorbtion

A

nutrients are absorbed from the digestive system into the circulatory and lymphatic system

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20
Q

excretion

A

removal of undigested materials from the digestive tract through defecation

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21
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A
  • feed intake and mechaical crushing
  • secretory
  • motility
  • breakdown of nutrients (hydrolysis)
  • resporption
  • exretion
  • protection
  • endocrinic
  • analytical
22
Q

What is peristasis?

A

wavelike motion

23
Q

mixing

A

mixing motion
- oral cavity and stomach
- mechanical digestion

24
Q

segmentation

A
  • small intestine contractiona nd relaxing
25
Q

What are the two parts of the digestive system?

A
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • accessory organs
26
Q

the oral cavity

A
  • mechanical processing (teeth, tongue, palatal surfaces)
  • lubrication
  • initiation of swallowing reflex
27
Q

What is prehension?

A
  • bringing food to the mouth
  • mechanisms vary with behaviour and diet
28
Q

What is mastication? What is it completed by? What muscle? What does it lead to?

A
  • teeth, jaw, tongue, teeth
  • striated muscle
  • controlled voluntary
  • reduces size of particles (chewing) + moistenes (mixing with saliva)
29
Q

Explain salivary secretion. What is it secreted by? State the three types.

A
  • saliva
  • salivary glands
  • 3 glands: parotid, mandibular, sublingual glands
30
Q

What does the type of saliva depend on?

A
  • quantity and composition of saliva varies between species (food consistency)
31
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • lubrication
  • antibacterial effect
  • enzymatic digestion
  • pH regulation
  • binding of tannins
  • providing urea for protein synthesis in the forestomachs
  • thermoregulation
32
Q

How are saliva secretions regulated?

A
  • neural control (via sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)
  • parasympathetic –> increase saliva secretions (Watery consistency)
  • sympathetic –> small volume of highly viscous saliva
33
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation result in?

A
  • decreased production of saliva by acinar cells
  • increased protein secretion
  • decreased blood flow to glands
34
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation result in?

A
  • acinar cells increase the secretion of saliva
  • duct cells increase HCO3- secretion
  • co-transmitters result in increased blood flow to the salivary glands
  • contraction of myoepithelium to increase the rate of expulsion of saliva
35
Q

swallowing

A
  • ## voluntary action
36
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

Seperate the respiratory and digestive systems.

37
Q

What is the esophagus?

A
  • small muscle lines tube
  • muscle cells –> spincters
  • peristalsis (wave like contractions)
38
Q

Explain the physiology of the stomach.

A

monogastric stomach: cats and dogs
- temporary food store
- digestion of food
-

39
Q

chyme

A

mixture of feed and digestive secretions

40
Q

glandular stomach

A
  • cardiac
  • fundic
  • body
  • pyloric
41
Q

types of cells is the stomach

A
  • chief cells: secrete pepsinogen
  • parietal cells: secrete HCL and intrinsic factor (glycoprotein) (helps vit B12 absorption)
  • mucin-rpoducing cells: secrete mucous and alkaline substances
  • endocrine cells: gastrin (stimulated parietal cells), ECL cells (histamine - reduces production of HCL)
42
Q

function of HCL

A
  • lowers stomach ph
  • PEPSINOGEN –> PEPSIN
  • acidifies stomahc content
  • degrades conective tissue and muscle tissue
  • denaturation
  • kills microorganisms
43
Q

digestion enzymes

A
  • amylase- carbohydrate digestion (resulting in disaccharides)
  • pepsin- protein digestion (results in peptides)
  • lipase- lipid digestion (results in fatty acids)
44
Q

what are the phases

A
  • cephalic
  • gastric
  • intestinal phase
45
Q

cephalic phase

A
  • sight, smell and taste food -> stimulate food digestion
46
Q

gastric phase

A
  • distention of stomach (stretch-receptors)
  • chemoreceptors
47
Q

intestinal phase

A
  • release of hormones
  • inhibit gastric function
  • (sensory stetch receptors are stimulated)
48
Q

rabit stomach

A
  • always full
  • monogastric
  • no vomiting
49
Q

avian stomach

A
  • crop: moistened
  • proventriculus: mixed with mucous and digestive juices
  • gizzard: mashed and ground (mascular walls and gravel)
50
Q
A

Physiology S2 (17 decks)

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