Test 3 Flashcards
collagen
extracellular structural protein
blastula
early embryonic stage (hallowed ball of cells)
gastrula
blastula folds inward
endoderm
the innermost of three embryonic cell layers in a gastrula; gives rise to the innermost linings of the digestive tract and other hollow organs in the adult.
ectoderm
the outer cell layer that gives rise tot he to the out covering in animals and in some phyla to the nervous system.
mesoderm
the third embryonic layer that forms the muscles and most internal organs.
homeotic genes
a master control gene that determines the identity if a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developing fate of a group of cells.
metamorphosis
the transformation of a larva into an adult
larva
a free-living sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.
in order list the development of a sea star
sperm + egg, zygote, blastula, early gastrula, later gastrula (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), larva, metamorphosis
protostomes
the first opening that forms during gastrulation becomes the mouth.
deuterostomes
this opening becomes the anus and the mouth forms from a second opening.
body captivity or coelom
a fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall in which the internal organs are suspended.
eumetazoans
animals with tissue
bilateria
animals with bilateral symmetry
lophotrochozoan
the lineage of bilateria includes flatworms, molluscs, and annelids. (protostome)
ecdysozoans
include arthropods and nematodes. which have external skeletons that must shed for the animal to grow. (ecdysis) (protostome)
ecdysis
the shedding prosses (ecdysozoans)
deuterostomia
echinoderms and chordates. (deuterostome)
the nine major animal phyla
sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, mollusks, annelids, nematodes, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates.
sponges
- simplest
- no muscle or nerves
- two cell layers (choanocytes + amoebocytes)
- suspension feeders
- sessile
choanocytes
the inner layer of cells consists of flagellated “collar” cells, which help to sweep the water through the sponge’s body.
amoebocytes
wander through the middle body region, produces supportive skeletal fibers composed of a flexible protein called spongin and mineralized particles called spicules.
spicules
mineralized particles
spongin
flexible proteins
suspension feeders
animals that collect food particles from water passed through some type of food-trapping equipment.
cnidaria includes…
hydras, sea anemones, corals, and jellies
cnidarians
- radial symmetry
- two tissue layers (inner cell layers of digestive tract + –outer epidermis)
- scattered amoeboid cells (middle region)
- contractile tissue + nerves (simplest forms)
- carnivores
cnidarians exhibit two kinds of radical symmetry body forms. _____, _______ and _____
hydra, sea anemones and medusa
polyp
cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end. (hydra and sea anemones) (stationary) (freshwaters (lake and ponds)) (mouth on top)
medusa
shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles around the lower edge. (marine) (move freely) (some can have a polyp stage) (mouth bottom)
gastrovascular cavity
a central compartment with a single opening, the mouth; functions in both digestion and nutrient distribution and may also function in circulation, body support, waste disposal, and gas exchange.
cnidocytes
stinging cells
Platyhelminthes
- flatworms
- three tissue layers
- lack body cavity
- gastrovascular cavity
- three major groups
planarians or free-living flatworms
- head with a pair of light-sensitive eyecups
- live in ponds + streams and undersurface of rock
- a flap at each side that detects chemicals
- dense clusters of nerve cells form a simple brain
- a pair of nerve cords connect with small nerves that branch throughout the body
- mouth sucks food midventral
flukes
- parasite in animals
- complex life cycles
tapeworms
- parasitic
- inhabit digestive tracts
- long, ribbon-like body with repeated units
- scolex = anterior end (face) armed with hooks and suckers
- have no digestive tract (absorb nutrients)
three type of flat worms are ____, ______, and _____
free-living, flukes, and tapeworms
nematodes or roundworms
- an embryo with three tissue layers
- fluid-filled body cavity
- digestive tract with two openings
- cuticle
- ecdysozoans
cuticle
several layers of tough, nonliving, material that covers the body and prevents the nematode from drying out.
mollusks include
snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids.
mollusks
- soft body with a hard shell
- foot
- visceral mass
- mantle
- radula
- separate sexs
- body cavity
- circulatory system some have opened circulatory systems
muscular foot
for locomotion
visceral mass
containing most of the internal organs
mantle
a fold tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell in mollusks such as clams
radula
used to scrape up food
trochophore
ciliated larva mollusk
the most diverse clade of mollusks are…..
gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods
gastropods
- largest group
- freshwater, saltwater, TERRESTRIAL
- no gills in some = lining of the mantle is like lungs
- snails and slugs
bivalves
- two shell connected with hinges
- suspension feeders
- living in sand or mud (seafloor)
- secrete thread for attachments.
- uses foot for digging
- clams, scallops, and oysters
cephalopods
- internal shells
- uses mantle for movement
- have beak
- Squidward and octopus
Annelida
- segmented bodies
- closed circulatory systems
- longitudinal and circular muscles
- 4 pairs for stiff bristles
- hermaphrodites
segmentation
the subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts.
hermaphrodites
to have both xx and xy sex organs
to clades of annelida
errantains and sedentarians
errantains
- active and free moving
- marine
- appendages are richly supplied with blood vessels
sedentarians
–earthworms, tube dwellers, leeches
arthropods
- crayfish lobsters crabs barnacles spider ticks and insects
- appendages= sensory reception, defense, feeding, walking, and swimming
- exoskeleton (protein +chitin)
- ecdysis
- head, thorax, abdomen
- open circulatory system
cephalothorax
thorax and head combined
three groups of arthropods
chelicerates, mytiapods, pancrustanceans
chelicerates
- clawlike appendages for feeding
- cephalothorax and abdomen
- no antennae
- arachnid
arachnid
scorpions, spiders, spiders, ticks, and mite
myriapods
centipedes and millipedes
incrustations
lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles crayfish
insects
- body segmentation
- exoskeleton
- joined appendages
- flight
- waterproof cuticle
- complex life cycle
echinoderms include
sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins
echinoderms
- slow-moving or sessile
- endoskeleton
- prickly bumps and spines
- water vascular system
- tube feet
Chordata
- dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- notochord
- pharyngeal slits
- postanal tail
- lancelet and tunicate
- sometimes segmentation
lancelet
- segmentation
- cilia for drawing water
- traps food particles using mucus
- small bladelike
- 4 Chordata features
- invertebrate
- first chordate linage
tunicate
- one Chordata feature (pharyngeal slits)
- when tadpole, 4 Chordata features
- suspension eaters
- invertebrate
pharyngeal slit
a gill structure in the pharynx; found in chordate embryos and some adult chordates.
postanal tail
a tail posterior to the anus; found in chordates embryos and most adult chordates
notochord
a flexible cartilage-like longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and nerve cord in chordate animals; present only in embryos in many species.
major clades of chordates
lancelets, tunicates, hagfish, lamprey, shark and ray, ray-finned fish, lobe0fins, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
characters of chordates clades
chordates, vertebrates, jawed vertebrates, tetrapods, and amniotes
tetrapods
lawed vertebrates with two pairs of limbs
amniotes
tetrapods with terrestrially adapted eggs.
Hagfishes and lamprey
- notochord
- lamprey larva resembles lancelets
- lamprey are suspension feeders
- most lampreys are parasites
jawed vertebrates
- sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe fish
- theory of pharyngeal slits became jaw hinges
- chondrichthyans, ray-finned fish- and lobe-finned fish.
chondrichthyans
- sharks and rays
- cartilage bones
- lateral line system
lateral line system
a row of sensory organs along each side of a fish’s body that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. it enables a fish to detect minor vibrations in the water
ray-finned fish
- tuna, trout, goldfishes
- have real bone
- operculum
- swim bladder
operculum
a protective flap covering the chamber housing the gills
swimbladder
a gas-filled sac that keeps them buoyant
lobe-finned fishes
- rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins
- lungfish, coelacanth, and tetrapods
amphibians
- salamanders, frogs, caecilians
- frogs= metamorphosis
reptiles
- amniotic egg
- lizards, turtles, birds
- waterproof scales made of the tough protein keratin
- coldblooded
- ectodermic
amnion
fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo
albumen
egg whites = more nutrition
chorion and allantois
endable the embryo to obtain oxygen from the air for aerobic respiration and dispose of co2. allantois = disposal of waste
birds
- fly
- endothermic
- four heart chamber
- efficient lungs and heart
mammals
- hair, milk
- endothermic
- four heart chamber
- efficient lungs and heart
- monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians
monotremes
- platypus and echidas
- eggs
marsupials
-kangaroos
eutherians
- placental mammals
- amniotic sac
anthropoids
ape and monkeys
hominins
species closely related to humans
bipedal
walk up right
gonads
the organ that produces gametes, both in male and female
ovaries
a women’s gonads
follicles
each consisting of one developing egg cell surround by cells that nourish and protect it
ovulation
starting at puberty, one follicle releases an immature egg cell about every 28 days.
corpus luteum
after ovulation, what remains of the follicle grows within the ovary to form a mass of endocrine tissue
progesterone
a hormone that helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy
oviduct/ fallopian tube
the tube thing; does not touch the ovary
uterus
- the thick muscular wall
- inner lining endmetrium
- womb
embryo
8 weeks
fetus
8 + weeks
ectopic pregnancy
embryo plants somewhere else [uterus]
tubal pregnancies
embryo plant in the oviduct
cervix
the narrow neck at the bottom of the uterus which opens into the vagina
vagina
a thin-walled but strong muscular chamber that serves as the birth canal through which the baby is born
vulva
collective term for the female genitalia
urethra
the tube through which urine is excreted
labia minora
are slender pair of skin folds, border the openings
labia majora
a pair of the thick, fatty ridge, protect the vaginal opening.
hymen
a thin piece of tissue that covers the vaginal opening
clitoris
- shaft
- prepuce
- glans (erectile tissue)
shaft
supports a rounded glans
glans
has an enormous number of nerve ending
prepuce
a small hood that covers the glans
testes
male gonads
scrotum
[testes] housed outside the abdominal captivity in a sac
testicle
testes in the scrotum
epididymis
a coiled tube that stores the sperm while they continue to develop
vas deferens
passes upward into the abdominal and loops around the urinary bladder
two seminal vesicles
secrete a think fluid that contains mucus and the sugar fructose, which provides most of the energy used by the sperm.
prostate gland
secretes a thin milky fluid that further nourishes the sperm.
two bulbourethral glands
secrete a clear alkaline mucus, before ejaculation and may carry sperm
semen
sperm + glands fluid
penis
consists mainly of cylinders of erectile tissue
foreskin
cover the glans (male)
impotence
inability to erection
follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh)
increases sperm production
luteinizing hormone (lh)
the anterior pituitary gland, promotes the secretion of androgens, main testosterone
spermatogenesis
formation and development of sperm
seminiferous tubules
sperm develop inside that testes in coiled tubes called…
oogenesis
the development of a mature egg
ovarian cycle
controls oogenesis, the growth and release of an egg.
menstrual cycle
the uterus is prepared for possible implantation of an embryo
acrosome
contains an enzyme that helps the sperm penetrate the egg
eggs three coats
jelly coat, glycoproteins (vitelline layer), plasma membrane
cleavage
after zygote before the blastula
blastocoel
forms in the center of the embryo, a fluid-filled cavity
vegetal pole
bigger than animal pole
animal pole
smaller than vegetal pole
blastopore
a groove that appears on one side of the blastula
natural tube
future brain
somites
blocks of mesoderm that will give rise to segmental structures
induction
one group of cells influences the development of an adjacent group of cells
apoptosis
the timely and programmed suicide of cells
homeoboxes
60 amino acids and 180 nucleotides
gestation
pregnancy
conception
fertilization
a human blastocyst has….
a fluid-filled, inner cell mass that will form the embryo, and an outer layer of cells called trophoblast
trophoblast
an outer layer of cells that secrete an enzyme the enables the blastocyst to implant in the endometrium. eventually will form part of the placenta.
extraembryonic membranes
develop attachments to the embryo and help support it
chorionic villi
moms blood vessels to baby
colostrum
rich protein and antibodies
endometrium
the inner liner lining of the uterus in mammals, richly supplied with blood vessels that provide the maternal part of the placenta. and nourish the developing embryo.
placenta
in most animals, the organs that provide and oxygen to the embryo and help dispose of its metabolic wastes
