Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology II > Test 2 Biology > Flashcards

Test 2 Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Extracellular route

A

Via cell walls spaces between cells; stopped by Casparian strip.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intracellular route

A

via cell interiors, through plasmodesmata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Casparian strip

A

a waxy barrier in the walls of endodermal cells in a plant root that prevents water and ions from entering the xylem without crossing one or more cell membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

plasmodesmata

A

an open channel in a plant cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

monocot

A

one cotyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular tissue scattered in a complex arrangement, floral parts usually in multiples of three, fibrous root system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

eudicots

A

two cotyledons, veins usually branched, vascular tissue usually arranged in rings, floral parts usually in multiples of four or five, taproot usually present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cotyledons

A

the first leaf that appears on an embryo of a flowering plant; a seed leaf.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

root epidermal cell

A

a cell in the outer layer of the root.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

shoot system

A

stems, leaves, and structures for reproduction (flowers for angiosperms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nodes

A

points at which leaves are attached to the stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

internodes

A

the portions of the stem between the nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

buds

A

undeveloped shoots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

terminal buds

A

when a plant is growing in length, the terminal bud at the apex (tip) of the stem has developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

axillary buds

A

one in each of the crooks formed bay a leaf and the stem, are usually dormant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

apical dominance

A

terminal buds produce a hormone that inhibits the growth of axillary buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stolon

A

enable the lant to reproduce asexually as plantlets form at nodes along their length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rhizomes

A

a horizontal stem of a plant that grows below the ground (ginger, iris plant).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

tendrils

A

helping vine that clings to solid structures (peas and grapes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

three plant tissue systems

A

dermal, vascular, and ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

dermal tissue system

A

the plant outer layer (protective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

vascular tissue system

A

made up of xylem and phloem tissues and provides support and long-distance transport between the root and the shoot system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ground tissue system

A

filling space between dermal and vascular tissue. pith inside of vascular. cortex outside of vascular tissue. look at figure 31.5 if confused.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

endodermis

A

on cell thick barrier, regulate what goes in and out the vascular cylinder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tubers

A

an enlargement at the end of a rhizome in which food is stored (potato).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

guard cell

A

a specialized epidermal cell in plants that regulates the size of a stoma, allowing gas exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells in the leaf.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

mesophyll

A

leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis; a leaf’s ground tissue system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

vein

A

vascular bundle composed of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded by a protective sheath of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

parenchyma cells

A

in plants, a relatively unspecialized cell with a thin primary wall and no secondary wall; functions in photosynthesis, food storage, and aerobic respiration.

  1. most active
  2. cell walls- cellulose
  3. pith
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

collenchyma cells

A

In plants, a cell wall with a thick primary wall and no secondary wall, functioning mainly in supporting growing parts. (celery stalk string)

  1. flexible support
  2. growing parts
  3. outer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

sclerenchyma cell

A

In plants, a supportive cell with rigid secondary walls hardened with lignin. there are two types of sclerenchyma cells

  1. protective and support
  2. cell walls with lignin and cellulose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

sclereid

A

In plants, a very hard sclerenchyma cell found in nutshells and seed coats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

fiber

A

in plants, a long slender sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in a bundle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

companion cell

A

in a plant, a cell connected to a sieve-tube element whose nucleus and ribosome provide proteins for the sieve-tube element

34
Q

sieve plate

A

an end wall in a sieve tube element that facilitates the flow of phloem sap

35
Q

sieve tube element

A

a food conducting cell in a plant; also called a sieve tube member. chains of sieve tube elements make up phloem tissue.

36
Q

tracheid

A

thin and long, a tapered, porous, water-conducting, and supportive cell in plants. chains of tracheid of vessel elements make up the water-conducting, supportive tubers in the xylem

37
Q

vessel element

A

wide, a short, open-ended, water-conducting, and supportive cell in a plant.

38
Q

phototropism

A

the growth of a plant organ toward the light (positive phototropism) or away from the light (negative phototropism)

39
Q

tropism

A

a growth response that makes a plant grow toward or away from a stimulus.

40
Q

hormone

A

in plants, a chemical that is produced in one part of the plant and travels to another part, where it acts on targets cells to change their functioning.

41
Q

auxins (major function)

A

stimulate stem elongation; affect the root growth, differentiation, branching; development of fruit; apical dominance; phototropism and gravitropism; retard leaf abscission.

42
Q

auxins (where produced or found)

A

meristem of apical buds, young leaves, developing seeds, and fruits.

43
Q

cytokinins (major function)

A

affect root growth and differentiation; stimulate cell division and growth; stimulate germination; delay leaf aging.

44
Q

cytokinins (where produced or found)

A

made in roots and transported to other organs.

45
Q

gibberellins (major functions)

A

promote bud, stem elongation, and leaf growth; stimulate flowering, fruit developing, and seed germination

46
Q

gibberellins (where produced or found)

A

meristems of apical buds and roots, young leaves, and developing seeds

47
Q

abscisic acid (major function)

A

inhabits growth; closes stomata during dry spells; helps maintain seed dormancy; promotes leaf aging.

48
Q

abscisic acid (where produced or found)

A

every major organ: leaf, stem, roots, fruits

49
Q

ethylene (major functions)

A

promotes fruit ripening and leaf abscission; opposes some auxin effects; promotes root formation; promotes flowers in some species

50
Q

ethylene (where produced or found)

A

ripening fruits, nodes of stems, aging leaves, and flowers, and wounds

51
Q

abscission layer

A

the region where separation occurs [trees and leaves]

52
Q

petiole

A

joins the to a node of the stem

53
Q

pith

A

part of the ground tissue system of a dicot plant. pith fills the center of the stem and may store food.

54
Q

lamella

A

The primary [cell] wall of adjacent cells in plant tissue is held together by a sticky layer called lamella.

55
Q

pit

A

where the cell wall is thin and allows water to migrate between adjacent cells.

56
Q

annuals

A

a plant that completes its life cycle in a single year or growing season

57
Q

biennial

A

a plant that completes its life in two years.

58
Q

perennial

A

a plant that lives many years

59
Q

meristem

A

plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that divide and generate new cells and tissue.

60
Q

apical meristem

A

a growth-producing region of cell division consisting of undifferentiated cells cell located at the tip of a plant root or in the terminal or axillary bud of a shoot.

61
Q

primary growth

A

growth in length of a plant root or shoot, produced by an apical meristem

62
Q

root cap

A

a cone at the tip of a plant root that protects the root’s apical meristem.

63
Q

lateral meristem

A

plant tissue made up of undifferentiated cells that in able roots and shoots of woody plants to thicken. the vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristem.

64
Q

vascular cambium

A

during the secondary growth of a plant, the cylinder of meristem cells, surrounding the xylem and pith, produces secondary xylem and phleom.

65
Q

wood

A

secondary xylem of a plant

66
Q

cork

A

the outermost protective layer of a plant’s bark, produced by the cork cambium

67
Q

cork cambium

A

meristematic tissue that produces cork calls during the secondary growth of a plant.

68
Q

bark

A

all the tissues external to the vascular cambium in a plant that is growing in thickness. The bark is made up of secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork

69
Q

wood rays

A

a column of parenchyma calls that radiates from the center of a log and transports water to its outer living tissues.

70
Q

sapwood

A

light-colored, water-conducting secondary xylem in a tree

71
Q

heartwood

A

in the center of trees, the darkened, older layers of secondary xylem made up of cells that no longer transport water and are clogged with resin.

72
Q

double fertilization

A

in flowering plants, the formation of both a zygote and a cell with. a triploid nucleus, which develops in the endosperm.

73
Q

fragmentation

A

a means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.

74
Q

how does a guard cell become turgid?

A

accepting K+ and water (opens stroma)

75
Q

sugar source

A

is a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar by photosynthesis or by the breakdown of starch. Primary in leaves

76
Q

sugar sink

A

is an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar. growing roots, stems, and fruits are sugar links.

77
Q

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

makes NH+ from the soil and atmosphere

78
Q

ammonifying bacteria

A

gets NH+ from organic, material

79
Q

nitrifying bacteria

A

gets NO- from weathering rocks

80
Q

epiphyte

A

produce their own food and absorb water and minerals from rain

81
Q

photoperiod

A

the relative lengths of day and night; an environmental stimulus that plants use to detect the time of year

82
Q

phytochromes

A

PROTEINS WITH A light-absorbing competent

Biology II (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions