Evolution- Final exam

Question 1

Eusthenopteron

Answer 1

1. A 385-million-year-old specimen

2. had advanced tetrapod features.

Question 2

Panderichthys

Answer 2

1. A 385-million-year- old fish
2. long snout, flattened body shape, and eyes on top of the head (looked a little bit like a crocodile).
3. has lungs and gills as well as opening that allowed
   water to enter through the top of the skull (possible indication of a shallow-water habitat.
4. Dorsal and anal fins had been lost and the tail fin was much smaller than in Eusthenpteron
5. It is a tetrapod fish
6. Does not have neck

Question 3

Tiktaalik

Answer 3

1. means “large freshwater fish” in the language of the Nunavut Inuit tribe.
2. The specimen were exquisitely preserved; even fishlike scales were clearly visible.
3. Its paddle-like forelimbs were part fin, part foot.
4. Its fin rays had not been replaced by toes
5. It had well-developed gills like a fish, but a tetrapod-like neck.
6. was a perfectly intermediate form.

Question 4

Acanthostega

Answer 4

1. more of a fishlike tetrapod
2. Has neck, a structural modification that strengthened its backbone and skull, and four limbs with toes.
3. Lived in shallow water and could breathe air

Question 5

Ichthyostega

Answer 5

1. ray-finned tail and flipper-like hand limbs
2. spent considerable time in the water
3. had neck (a feature advantageous for terrestrial life.
4. was clearly a fish that lived 365 million years ago

Question 6

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Answer 6

-the oldest hominin yet discovered
-lived about 6.5 million years old
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Question 7

Ardipithecus ramidus

Answer 7

-4.4 million years old fossils

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Question 8

Ardipithecus

Answer 8

• was a woodland creature that moved in the trees by walking along branches on the flat parts of its hands and feet
• was equally capable of moving on the ground
• and its skeletal features suggest that it walked upright.

Question 9

afarensis

Answer 9

• had small brain
• walked on two legs
• existed as a species for at least a million years

Question 10

Australopithecus

Answer 10

-are bipedal (including A. afrcanus and A. anamensis
-were more like apes than humans
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Question 11

Homo Habilis

Answer 11

• “handy man”
• brain volume 510-690cm3
• many H. Habilis age range from 1.6 to 2.8 million years
• some appear more humanlike than others

Question 12

Homo ergaster

Answer 12

-dating from 1.9 to 1.0 million years ago
–marks new stage in hominin evolution
-larger brain 750cm to 850 cm3
-created more sophisticated tools
limb proportions more similar to humans

Question 13

Homo erectus

Answer 13

-“upright man”
-avarage brain volume increased to 940cm3
-first hominins to extend their range beyong Africa
became extinct at some point after 200,000 years ago.

Question 14

Homo neanderthalensis

Answer 14

• called Neanderthals
• best known hominins
• They had a brain even larger than ours and hunted big game with tools
• Were living in Eurpoe as long as 350,000 years ago and later spread to the Near East
• extinct by 39,000 years, the species was extinct