Prokaryotes + plants Flashcards
Plasmid
a small ring of independently replicating DNA separate from the main chromosomes. plasmid are found in prokaryotes and yeast.
Endospore
a thick-coat, protective cell produced within a bacterial cell. the endospore becomes dormant and is able to survive harsh environmental conditions.
Endotoxins
a poisonous component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released only when a bacteria dies.
Exotoxins
A poisonous protein that is secreted by certain bacteria.
endosymbiosis
larger cell engulfs a prokaryote smaller cell and both cells benefit from each other (mitochondria + chloroplast).
SAR (Super Group of Protists)
1) Stramenopiles
2) Alveolata
3) Rizaria
Unikonts
A supergroup of protists that is closely related to fungi and animals.
amoebozoans
1) unikonta
2) made of prostist
pseudopodia
moving the cell and engulfing food
cellular slime mold
a type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid calls and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle; it is part of the amoebozoan family.
amoeba
a general term for a protist that moves and feeds by means of pseudopodia (rhizaria)
plasmodium
1) a single mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei
2) the amoeboid feeding stage in the life cycle of a plasmodial slime molds
plasmodial slime mold
a type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle; it is in the amoebozoan family.
charophytes
a group of green algae; closest relative to the plant and lived 500 million years ago.
halophiles
salt lovers
thermophiles
heat lovers
methanogens
archaeans that live in an anaerobic environment and give off methane as a waste product.
proteobacteria
all gram-negative and share a particular rRNA sequence. 1 group of bacteria domain; E. coli
symbiosis
a physical close association between the organism of two or more species
gram-positive bacteria
2 group of domain bacteria; subgroup actinomycetes; streptomyces
cyanobacteria
oxygen-generating photosynthesis; Anabaena
chlamydia
live in eukaryotic host cells; domain bacteria; chlamydia trachomtatis
spirochetes
a member of a group of helical bacteria the spirals through the environment by mean of rotating, internal filaments; treponema pallidum
parasites
drive their nutritional needs from a host, which is harmed by the interaction.
mixotrophs
capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy
stramenopile
2) diatoms and brown algae are two examples of autotrophic stramenopile
alveolate
dinoflagellates, ciliates, and certain parasites
rhizaria
foraminiferans and radiolarians (amoebas)
saprobic
digestive enzymes are released outside the fungi and used to breakdown the food source.
hyphae
thread-like filaments
mycelium
network of hyphae (underground)
chitin
make the fungi cell wall
phylum Basidiomycota
a classic mushroom
basidiocarp
a fruiting part of a phylum Basidiomycota
basidia
spores of a phylum Basidiomycota
spore
a haploid cell that can develop into a multicellular individual without fussing to another cell
conidiophore
hyphae for penicillin
conidiospores
spores for penicillin
apical meristem
cell division that makes trees grow next to the stem and roots.
gametangia
a reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant.
pollen grain
sperm-producing cells
embryophyte
dependent plants embryo
sporangium
a structure in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spore develops.
bryophytes
seedless, nonvascular plants
lycophytes
seedless, vascular plants; moss
monilophytes
seedless, vascular plants; ferns
gymnosperms
seeds not produced in special chambers
angiosperm
flowers; a complex reproductive structure that develops seeds in protective chambers.
ovule
seed plants, a structure that develops within the female cone or ovary that contains female gametophyte
sepals
green leaf things that close the flower before they bloom.
petals
attract animal pollinators.
stamens
1) anther
2) filaments
anther
male sporangia
carpel
stigma, style, ovary
germinate
begin to grow
mycorrhiza
a symbiosis of plants and fungi
heterokaryotic stage
when a cell contains two genetically distinct haploid nuclei; when they fuse.
mold
rapidly growing fungi that reproduce asexually by produce spores.
yeast
a single-celled fungus that inhibits liquid or moistened habitats and reproduces asexually by simple cell division or by pinching of bud off a parent cell.
chytrids
an only fungus with flagellated spores; lives in the lake and stuff. diseases
zygomycetes
have a protective zygosporangium, where zygotes produce haploid spores by meiosis; black bread mold and mold on peaches, etc.
glomeromycetes
type of mycorrhiza
ascomycetes/ sac fungi
lichens, asci, most pathogenic to plants, yeasts–> cup fungi, aquatic
asci
sexual reproduction of spores
lichens
symdioic relationship between fungi + algae and fungi+ cyanobacteria
basidiomycetes
decompose lignin
poop
food to eat
420
very nice
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