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Biology II > Prokaryotes + plants > Flashcards

Prokaryotes + plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasmid

A

a small ring of independently replicating DNA separate from the main chromosomes. plasmid are found in prokaryotes and yeast.

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2
Q

Endospore

A

a thick-coat, protective cell produced within a bacterial cell. the endospore becomes dormant and is able to survive harsh environmental conditions.

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3
Q

Endotoxins

A

a poisonous component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released only when a bacteria dies.

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4
Q

Exotoxins

A

A poisonous protein that is secreted by certain bacteria.

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5
Q

endosymbiosis

A

larger cell engulfs a prokaryote smaller cell and both cells benefit from each other (mitochondria + chloroplast).

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6
Q

SAR (Super Group of Protists)

A

1) Stramenopiles
2) Alveolata
3) Rizaria

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7
Q

Unikonts

A

A supergroup of protists that is closely related to fungi and animals.

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8
Q

amoebozoans

A

1) unikonta

2) made of prostist

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9
Q

pseudopodia

A

moving the cell and engulfing food

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10
Q

cellular slime mold

A

a type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid calls and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle; it is part of the amoebozoan family.

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11
Q

amoeba

A

a general term for a protist that moves and feeds by means of pseudopodia (rhizaria)

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12
Q

plasmodium

A

1) a single mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei

2) the amoeboid feeding stage in the life cycle of a plasmodial slime molds

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13
Q

plasmodial slime mold

A

a type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle; it is in the amoebozoan family.

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14
Q

charophytes

A

a group of green algae; closest relative to the plant and lived 500 million years ago.

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15
Q

halophiles

A

salt lovers

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16
Q

thermophiles

A

heat lovers

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17
Q

methanogens

A

archaeans that live in an anaerobic environment and give off methane as a waste product.

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18
Q

proteobacteria

A

all gram-negative and share a particular rRNA sequence. 1 group of bacteria domain; E. coli

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19
Q

symbiosis

A

a physical close association between the organism of two or more species

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20
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

2 group of domain bacteria; subgroup actinomycetes; streptomyces

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21
Q

cyanobacteria

A

oxygen-generating photosynthesis; Anabaena

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22
Q

chlamydia

A

live in eukaryotic host cells; domain bacteria; chlamydia trachomtatis

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23
Q

spirochetes

A

a member of a group of helical bacteria the spirals through the environment by mean of rotating, internal filaments; treponema pallidum

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24
Q

parasites

A

drive their nutritional needs from a host, which is harmed by the interaction.

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25
Q

mixotrophs

A

capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy

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26
Q

stramenopile

A

2) diatoms and brown algae are two examples of autotrophic stramenopile

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27
Q

alveolate

A

dinoflagellates, ciliates, and certain parasites

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28
Q

rhizaria

A

foraminiferans and radiolarians (amoebas)

29
Q

saprobic

A

digestive enzymes are released outside the fungi and used to breakdown the food source.

30
Q

hyphae

A

thread-like filaments

31
Q

mycelium

A

network of hyphae (underground)

32
Q

chitin

A

make the fungi cell wall

33
Q

phylum Basidiomycota

A

a classic mushroom

34
Q

basidiocarp

A

a fruiting part of a phylum Basidiomycota

35
Q

basidia

A

spores of a phylum Basidiomycota

36
Q

spore

A

a haploid cell that can develop into a multicellular individual without fussing to another cell

37
Q

conidiophore

A

hyphae for penicillin

38
Q

conidiospores

A

spores for penicillin

39
Q

apical meristem

A

cell division that makes trees grow next to the stem and roots.

40
Q

gametangia

A

a reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant.

41
Q

pollen grain

A

sperm-producing cells

42
Q

embryophyte

A

dependent plants embryo

43
Q

sporangium

A

a structure in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spore develops.

44
Q

bryophytes

A

seedless, nonvascular plants

45
Q

lycophytes

A

seedless, vascular plants; moss

46
Q

monilophytes

A

seedless, vascular plants; ferns

47
Q

gymnosperms

A

seeds not produced in special chambers

48
Q

angiosperm

A

flowers; a complex reproductive structure that develops seeds in protective chambers.

49
Q

ovule

A

seed plants, a structure that develops within the female cone or ovary that contains female gametophyte

50
Q

sepals

A

green leaf things that close the flower before they bloom.

51
Q

petals

A

attract animal pollinators.

52
Q

stamens

A

1) anther

2) filaments

53
Q

anther

A

male sporangia

54
Q

carpel

A

stigma, style, ovary

55
Q

germinate

A

begin to grow

56
Q

mycorrhiza

A

a symbiosis of plants and fungi

57
Q

heterokaryotic stage

A

when a cell contains two genetically distinct haploid nuclei; when they fuse.

58
Q

mold

A

rapidly growing fungi that reproduce asexually by produce spores.

59
Q

yeast

A

a single-celled fungus that inhibits liquid or moistened habitats and reproduces asexually by simple cell division or by pinching of bud off a parent cell.

60
Q

chytrids

A

an only fungus with flagellated spores; lives in the lake and stuff. diseases

61
Q

zygomycetes

A

have a protective zygosporangium, where zygotes produce haploid spores by meiosis; black bread mold and mold on peaches, etc.

62
Q

glomeromycetes

A

type of mycorrhiza

63
Q

ascomycetes/ sac fungi

A

lichens, asci, most pathogenic to plants, yeasts–> cup fungi, aquatic

64
Q

asci

A

sexual reproduction of spores

65
Q

lichens

A

symdioic relationship between fungi + algae and fungi+ cyanobacteria

66
Q

basidiomycetes

A

decompose lignin

67
Q

poop

A

food to eat

68
Q

420

A

very nice

69
Q

69

A

69

Biology II (8 decks)

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