Test 3 Flashcards
Has paired fins ( pelvic and pectoral) and scales
Jawed Fishes
Two groups of jawed fishes
Cartilaginous and bony fishes
Gill covers of Bony fish
Operculum
Have moveable fins
Bony Fish
4 examples of cartilaginous fish
Sharks, rays, Skate and Chimaeras
What kind of scales do sharks have?
Placoid scales
What kind of tails do sharks have?
Heterocercal
Whatdo sharks use to hold onto female sharks during mating?
Claspers
How do humans exploit sharks
Shark fin soup, meat , oil, leather, cartilage and recreation
What ecosystem within the ocean are skates and rays adapted to?
An ocean bottom existance
Which fins are enlarged on skates and rays?
Pectoral fins
Where are the gill slits on skates and rays?
ventral side
What is the difference between skates tail and rays tail?
rays have long thin tails, skates have fleshy tails with 2 small dorsal fins and rows of thorns
Skates pelvicc fins have how many lobes
2
How do rays swim?
Move their pectoral fins up and down
How do skates swim?
Create a wave forward to backward along their pectoral fin edges
What sort of reproduction do rays have?
Ovoviviparious
What sort of reproduction do skates have?
Mostly oviparious
Chimaeras characteristics
ratfish and rabbitfish; long pointed tails and long heads,, operculum, have large plates for crushing prey, scaleless, bottom dwellers
Two lineages of bony fish
Ray finned and lobe finned
Lobe finned fish charactetistics
Thick fleshy fins with bony support and have gills and lung sacks
Ray finned fish characteristics
Fins are supported by thin rays and have swim bladder for buoyancy
Lobfins skeletons are made of
Bones and cartilage
What kinds of scales do modern bony fish have?
Cycloid and ctenoid
Median fins on bony fish consist of
1 or more dorsal fins, caudal fin (homeocercal) and anal fin. Helps maintain stability during swimming
Paired fins consist of
pectoral and pelvic, used for steering
Fish colloration and patterning consists of
COuntershading, disruptive coloration, poster colors, warning colors, camoflauge
How do fish breathe
Gills used to extract O2 and eliminate CO2, water must continually move past gills in order to keep bood oxygenated
Sharks gain water by
Osmosis
Salt enters with food and through gills and exit through
rectal gand
Osmo-regulation in cartilaginous fish
Iso-osmotic and hyper-osmotic
Osmo-regulation in ray finned fishes
Hypo-osmotic
How do fish gain and lose water?
Gain water through mouth and lose it through osmosis
How do fish excrete salt?
Through gills
How do fish gain salt other than through the mouth?
Through diffusion
What helps cartilaginous fish stay buoyant?
Their liver produces squalene oil
How does the swim bladder work in ray finned fishes?
They can adjust the amount of gas in the swim bladder, gas is added as the fish goes up and removed as it goes down
What is the system called that allows sharks to smell?
Olfaction, olfactory receptors are located in the olfactory pits
Where are taste receptors located on sharks?
Head, jaws, tongue, mouth and barbels
What is the lateral line system that all fish have?
Senses change in water pressure and consists of canals running along the length of the fishes body and the head
Digestion system in ray finned fishes
Pyloric Caeca
Digestion system in cartilaginous fishes
Spiral valve, increases surface area
What do filter feeding fish use to eat?
Gill rakers
larvae is originally nourished by
Yolk sac
Adaptive values of schooling
Increases food finding and predators cannot focus on one fish
Fresh water to salt water migration is called
Catadromous (freshwater eel)
Salt water to fresh water migration is called
Anadromous (Salmon)
What aids in a fish’s sense of direction
Suns, magnetic fields, currents, temperature gradients, food supply, ODOR to navigate upstream
5 Pacific salmon species
Spring, Coho, Sockeye, chum, pink
Life stages of a salmon
Egg, alevin, fry, fingerling, smolt, ocean going, spawner
Characteristics of class mamalia
Hair at some point, Endothermic, homeothemric, milk and mammary glands, placental mammals, feed at various trophic levels
Examples of Pinnipeds
Seals, Sea Lions and Walruses
Pinniped charactersitics
- Spindle shaped bodies
- Thick layers of fat
- 2 pairs of limbs are modified as flippers
Pinniped diving modifications
- Exhale before diving
- Metabolsim slows and heart rate decreases
- High amount of oxygen in muscles
True seals
- For limb smaller than hind limb
- Better adapted to water
- Lack external ears ad cannot rotate flippers
2 types of Eared Seals
- Sea Lions - Coarse coat of GUARDHAIR, no undercoat
2. Fur Seals - Thick undercoat and solitary
Walrus characteristics
- Lack external ears
- Canine teeth develop into tusks
- Hind limbs used for walking on land
- 1 bull, 3 female
Sirens; completely aquatic, helpless on land
Dugongs and manatee
Characteristics of Cetaceans
Streamlined boies, blowholes, blubber, no neck, hairless, fluke main propulsion
Cetacean diving adaptations
Lungs and ribcage collapse easily, blood shunted to vital organs, brain stem less sensitive to CO2 and 2x blood per body weight
Cetacean behaviours
Spy Hopping, breaching, tail flap, flukes up, pec slap
2 sub orders in cetaceans
Toothed whale and baleen whales
What is baleen composed of and how is it used?
Keratin and used to capture plankton by tight mesh of baleen spikes
Feeding mechanisms of baleen whales
Bubble netting (humpbacks), gulping and surface skimming
Right whales and bowhead whales lack ______
Dorsal fin
Whales that have longitudinal folds of skin running from mouth to navel that allow mouth to expand
Rorqual
Examples of toothed whales
Narwhals, Beluga, dolphin, porpoises and sperm whale
Dolphins emit 2 different kinds of clicks
Discrimination clicks and orientation clicks
What can dolphins determine from their clicks?
distance, direction, size, shape, texture and density
Species compilation and density changes between lower, middle and upper inter-tidal zone is called
Zonation
Concentration of toxins in the tissues of animals as toxins are passed up the food chain without being broken down or excreted
bio-magnification
How many barrels of oil went into the sea with the BP spill in the gulf of Mexico
4.9 Billion
Eutrophication leads to
Algal blooms, fish deaths, hypoxia (low oxygen) and anoxia(no oxygen)
4 major basins (oceans)
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic
Where is 0 degrees longitude
Greenwich meridian which is the international date line
Victoria’s longitude and lattitude
48 latitude and 123 longitude
1 degree latitude equals how many minutes?
60
Marine organism are what percentage water
75%
Terrestial organisms are what percentage water
2/3 or 66%
Water a polar molecule is an excellent solvent of what kind of molecules
other polar molecules, can dissolve salt but not other non-polar molecules like oil
The ocean heats and cools slowly because water has a high _______
specific heat
Oceans pH is
8
pure freshwater has a pH of
7
what percent salt and water is seawater?
3.5% salt and 96.5% water
ppt stands for
Parts per Thousand
3.5% salt equals how many ppt
35 ppt
Denisty
mass of a substance in a given volume, mass/volume
Salt water is ____than fresh water
denser (heavier)
Cold water is _____than warm water
denser (heavier)
Ocean has two layer
Surface layer and deep layer
Thermocline seperates
warm surface water from cold deep water
Halocline sperates
low salinity water from high salinity water
pycnocline seperates
less dense water from more dense water
NEAP tide means
Near Equal As Possible during 1st and 3rd quarter moons
When do spring tides occur?
During full and new moons
Depressions on rocky inter-tidal shore that remain submerged when tide ebbs
Tidal pool
Estuaries are ______
Transition are between river and ocean
Estuaries are breeding ground for
inverts and fishes
Estuaries are feeding ground for
Birds and mammals
Mostly tropical, clear calm, oxygen rich ocean waters are
Coral reefs
