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Marine Biology > Chapter 1, 2 and 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1, 2 and 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Ocean covers what percentage of the earth?

A

70%

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2
Q

Exchange of heat energy between oceans and atmospheres affects

A

Weather patterns on a global scale

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3
Q

Intrinsic value

A

Value in and of itself, without regard for human need

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4
Q

Direct Value

A

Value that directly benefits humans ex’food. medicine

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5
Q

Indirect Value

A

Benefits that do not involve consumption of resources ie; recreation, beauty

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6
Q

Marine Biology

A

Study of marine organisms and their physiology, distribution and history

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7
Q

Marine Ecology

A

Study of marine organisms and their interaction with their environment and each other

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8
Q

What renewed interest in Marine Biology in the 1800’s?

A
  1. Translatlantic cable being brought to surface

2. Voyage of HMS Beagle and Charles Darwins “Origin of Species” theory of evolution

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9
Q

The beginning of modern marine science started with

A

The challenger expedition exploring worlds oceans in 1870’s

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10
Q

How many new species did the challenger expedition collect and describe?

A

4700

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11
Q

Other than the newly discovered species what else was discovered

A

Plankton

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12
Q

Plankton

A

marine organisms that are free flowing with the current

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13
Q

What major events occured in the 20th century in marine biology?

A

Arctic/Antarctic Expeditions

Impact of humans on marine environment gains attention

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14
Q

What is the focus of marine biology today?

A

Deep sea submersibles

Discovering ties between terrestrial and marine environments

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15
Q

Discovery Science

A

Observes long term, describes/explains natural structures and processes

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16
Q

TEKW

A

Traditional Ecological Wisdom and Knowledge, overlaps with Discovery Science ie; first nations giving history on migration routes of certain species

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17
Q

Hypothesis Based Science

A

Uses the Scientific method to test a potential explanation

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18
Q

Steps of scientific method

A
  1. Make observation
  2. Form Hypothesis
  3. Design Experiments
  4. Gathering results
  5. Drawing conclusions
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19
Q

Hypothesis

A

Educated guess

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20
Q

Theory

A

well established explanation of a phenomenon, repeatedly supported by scientific method and observation

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21
Q

7 First Nations Fundamental Truths

A
  1. Knowledge 2, creation 3. Connection to Nature 4. Respect 5. Stewardship 6. Sharing 7. Adapting to change
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22
Q

Habitat

A

Where an organism lives

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23
Q

NIche

A

An organisms role in its environment

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24
Q

Optimal Range

A

Range of environmental factors to which an organism is best adapted

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25
Q

Stress Zone

A

Region above or below optimal range. Expends more energy than normal to maintain homeostasis

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26
Q

Zone if intolerance

A

A region so far removed from optimal range that the organism cannot survive

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27
Q

Abiotic Factors that can affect organism distribution

A

Sunlight, Pressure, temperature, salinity,

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28
Q

Dessication

A

Process of complete drying out

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29
Q

Ectotherms

A

Organisms that obtain body heat from outside environment

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30
Q

Endotherms

A

Organisms that create their own heat through metabolism

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31
Q

Pressure increases 1 atmosphere for every ____meters

A

10

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32
Q

Limiting Nutrients

A

Nutrients that limit the # or distribution of organisms in a particular environment

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33
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species which occupy a specified area and interbreed

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34
Q

Species

A

One or more populations of potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductive isolated

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35
Q

Distribution of organisms in a population take into account

A

Dispersion and Population Density

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36
Q

Population density

A

Number of individual organisms per unit area or volume

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37
Q

Dispersion

A

The pattern of spacing among individuals within a range Ex; Clumped, uniform or random

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38
Q

Changes in population can occur through

A

Birth, Death, Immigration, Emigration

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39
Q

Changes in population can be affected by

A

Demographics, generation time, sex ratio, survivorship and life history

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40
Q

2 basic population growth patterns

A

Exponential and logistic

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41
Q

Exponential growth

A

Growth that is initially slow but accelerates with time

42
Q

Logistic Growth

A

Growth that is exponential at first but then levels out

43
Q

Density dependent factors

A

predation, disease, competition; have greater effects as population increases

44
Q

Denisty independent factors

A

Not related to population size; natural disasters ex; hurricane

45
Q

Community

A

A group of interacting populations that inhabit a specific area

46
Q

Competition

A

Organisms require same limited resources

47
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between species

48
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Among member of the same species

49
Q

Competition may result in

A

Competitive exclusion or resource partitioning

50
Q

Competitive Exclusion

A

Local extinction of the less successfull competitor

51
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

Process that allows organisms to share a resource

52
Q

Keystone species

A

Species that has a greater effect on community structure than its number might suggest EX; ochre seastar limits size of mussel populations

53
Q

Cultural keystone species

A

plants or animals that form the contextual underpinnings of a culture with fundamental roles in diet, materials, medicine EX; Western red cedar

54
Q

Symbiosis

A

Two different organisms live together in close association (depend on each other)

55
Q

3 types of symbioses

A

Mutualism, commensalism and parasitism

56
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms (partners) benefit

57
Q

Commensalism

A

One partner benefits and the other in unaffected

58
Q

Parasitism

A

One partner benefits and the other is harmed

59
Q

Autotrophs

A

Primary produces; organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis

60
Q

Heterotroph

A

Consumers; organism that relies on other organisms for food

61
Q

Primary consumer

A

Animals that feed directly on producer (herbivores)

62
Q

Secondary and tertiary consumers

A

Carnivores that feed on herbivores and other carnivores

63
Q

Detrivores

A

Organisms that feed on detritus

64
Q

Detritus

A

Organic matter such as animal waste and bits of decaying tissue

65
Q

Decomposers

A

Organisms that break down tissue of dead organisms

66
Q

Trophic level

A

Position in a food chain or web that indicates organisms feeding relationship

67
Q

Ecological Efficiency

A

% or energy taken in as food by one trophic level and passed on as food to higher trophic level

68
Q

10% rule

A

On average, only approximatly 10% of energy of energy available to one trophic level is passed on to the next level

69
Q

Energy flow in an ecosystem is

A

one way and can only be converted, never created or destroyed

70
Q

3 kinds of biogeochemical cycles

A

Hydrological, Nitrogen, Carbon

71
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are composed of one or more cells

72
Q

All cells are capable of

A

Metabolism, growth and reproduction

73
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Low energy molecules combine with sunlight to produce high energy food molecules. Occurs in chloroplasts

74
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Food molecules are broken down to produce ATP, occurs in mitochondria

75
Q

Level of organization

A

Organism - population - species- community- ecosystem - biosphere

76
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process that favors the survival and reproduction of organisms that posess variations best suited to their environment (best fit)

77
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Where offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of sex cells, clones of their parents, no variety, only variation is mutation

78
Q

Mutation

A

Mistake in DNA replication. Alteration of a single base unit of DNA. EX; Deletion, mutation

79
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Offspring are produced by the fusion of two gametes produced by each parent.

80
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

members of different species physically incapable of breeding or not in the same place at the same time

81
Q

What is an example of First Nations artificial selection?

A

Continued harvesting of mussels and urchins

82
Q

Major categories used to show complex evolutionary relationships

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

83
Q

What are the 3 main domains of living organisms

A

Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

84
Q

3 well known eukarya kingdoms

A

Fungi, plantae, animalia and protists

85
Q

Protists

A

Eukaryotic organisms that do not fit animal or plant deifinition. Ex; Algae ( uni and multi cellular.

86
Q

A phyla of bacteria that is photosynthetic

A

Cyanobacteria (Blue green bacteria)

87
Q

Alga

A

Any photosynthetic organism that is not a plant

88
Q

Accessory pigments

A

capture different wavelengths of sunlight, increasing efficiency (Cyanobacteria)

89
Q

Chromatic Adaptation

A

Photsynthetic organism can alter the kind and quality of photosynthetic pigments, in response to changes in sunlight intensity.

90
Q

Cyanobacteria may exist as

A

single cells, dense mats or filaments

91
Q

Chemosynthetic bacteria

A

Can form organic molecules from inorganic molecules using chemicals instead of sunlight to produce carbohydrates

92
Q

Diatoms

A

Major phytoplankton component, unicellular, extremely diverse

93
Q

Diatom structure

A

2 valves, dependent on silica

94
Q

2 basic diatom shapes

A

Radially and bilaterally symmetrical

95
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Globular, unicellular, 2 flagella in grooves

96
Q

What are armored dinoflagellates armored with?

A

Cellulose plates

97
Q

Mixotrophic

A

nutrition combines autotroph and heterotroph

98
Q

Ecological role of dinoflagellates?

A

Major component of phytoplankton, zooxanthellae, harmfull algae blooms (HAB) ie; red tide

99
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

important symbiotes of other organisms

100
Q

Cocolithophores

A

Common phytoplankton component, Calcium carbonate scale, form chalk cliffs

Marine Biology (6 decks)

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