Chapter 1, 2 and 5 Flashcards
Ocean covers what percentage of the earth?
70%
Exchange of heat energy between oceans and atmospheres affects
Weather patterns on a global scale
Intrinsic value
Value in and of itself, without regard for human need
Direct Value
Value that directly benefits humans ex’food. medicine
Indirect Value
Benefits that do not involve consumption of resources ie; recreation, beauty
Marine Biology
Study of marine organisms and their physiology, distribution and history
Marine Ecology
Study of marine organisms and their interaction with their environment and each other
What renewed interest in Marine Biology in the 1800’s?
- Translatlantic cable being brought to surface
2. Voyage of HMS Beagle and Charles Darwins “Origin of Species” theory of evolution
The beginning of modern marine science started with
The challenger expedition exploring worlds oceans in 1870’s
How many new species did the challenger expedition collect and describe?
4700
Other than the newly discovered species what else was discovered
Plankton
Plankton
marine organisms that are free flowing with the current
What major events occured in the 20th century in marine biology?
Arctic/Antarctic Expeditions
Impact of humans on marine environment gains attention
What is the focus of marine biology today?
Deep sea submersibles
Discovering ties between terrestrial and marine environments
Discovery Science
Observes long term, describes/explains natural structures and processes
TEKW
Traditional Ecological Wisdom and Knowledge, overlaps with Discovery Science ie; first nations giving history on migration routes of certain species
Hypothesis Based Science
Uses the Scientific method to test a potential explanation
Steps of scientific method
- Make observation
- Form Hypothesis
- Design Experiments
- Gathering results
- Drawing conclusions
Hypothesis
Educated guess
Theory
well established explanation of a phenomenon, repeatedly supported by scientific method and observation
7 First Nations Fundamental Truths
- Knowledge 2, creation 3. Connection to Nature 4. Respect 5. Stewardship 6. Sharing 7. Adapting to change
Habitat
Where an organism lives
NIche
An organisms role in its environment
Optimal Range
Range of environmental factors to which an organism is best adapted
Stress Zone
Region above or below optimal range. Expends more energy than normal to maintain homeostasis
Zone if intolerance
A region so far removed from optimal range that the organism cannot survive
Abiotic Factors that can affect organism distribution
Sunlight, Pressure, temperature, salinity,
Dessication
Process of complete drying out
Ectotherms
Organisms that obtain body heat from outside environment
Endotherms
Organisms that create their own heat through metabolism
Pressure increases 1 atmosphere for every ____meters
10
Limiting Nutrients
Nutrients that limit the # or distribution of organisms in a particular environment
Population
A group of organisms of the same species which occupy a specified area and interbreed
Species
One or more populations of potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductive isolated
Distribution of organisms in a population take into account
Dispersion and Population Density
Population density
Number of individual organisms per unit area or volume
Dispersion
The pattern of spacing among individuals within a range Ex; Clumped, uniform or random
Changes in population can occur through
Birth, Death, Immigration, Emigration
Changes in population can be affected by
Demographics, generation time, sex ratio, survivorship and life history
2 basic population growth patterns
Exponential and logistic
Exponential growth
Growth that is initially slow but accelerates with time
Logistic Growth
Growth that is exponential at first but then levels out
Density dependent factors
predation, disease, competition; have greater effects as population increases
Denisty independent factors
Not related to population size; natural disasters ex; hurricane
Community
A group of interacting populations that inhabit a specific area
Competition
Organisms require same limited resources
Interspecific competition
Competition between species
Intraspecific competition
Among member of the same species
Competition may result in
Competitive exclusion or resource partitioning
Competitive Exclusion
Local extinction of the less successfull competitor
Resource Partitioning
Process that allows organisms to share a resource
Keystone species
Species that has a greater effect on community structure than its number might suggest EX; ochre seastar limits size of mussel populations
Cultural keystone species
plants or animals that form the contextual underpinnings of a culture with fundamental roles in diet, materials, medicine EX; Western red cedar
Symbiosis
Two different organisms live together in close association (depend on each other)
3 types of symbioses
Mutualism, commensalism and parasitism
Mutualism
Both organisms (partners) benefit
Commensalism
One partner benefits and the other in unaffected
Parasitism
One partner benefits and the other is harmed
Autotrophs
Primary produces; organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis
Heterotroph
Consumers; organism that relies on other organisms for food
Primary consumer
Animals that feed directly on producer (herbivores)
Secondary and tertiary consumers
Carnivores that feed on herbivores and other carnivores
Detrivores
Organisms that feed on detritus
Detritus
Organic matter such as animal waste and bits of decaying tissue
Decomposers
Organisms that break down tissue of dead organisms
Trophic level
Position in a food chain or web that indicates organisms feeding relationship
Ecological Efficiency
% or energy taken in as food by one trophic level and passed on as food to higher trophic level
10% rule
On average, only approximatly 10% of energy of energy available to one trophic level is passed on to the next level
Energy flow in an ecosystem is
one way and can only be converted, never created or destroyed
3 kinds of biogeochemical cycles
Hydrological, Nitrogen, Carbon
Cell theory
All living things are composed of one or more cells
All cells are capable of
Metabolism, growth and reproduction
Photosynthesis
Low energy molecules combine with sunlight to produce high energy food molecules. Occurs in chloroplasts
Cellular respiration
Food molecules are broken down to produce ATP, occurs in mitochondria
Level of organization
Organism - population - species- community- ecosystem - biosphere
Natural Selection
The process that favors the survival and reproduction of organisms that posess variations best suited to their environment (best fit)
Asexual reproduction
Where offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of sex cells, clones of their parents, no variety, only variation is mutation
Mutation
Mistake in DNA replication. Alteration of a single base unit of DNA. EX; Deletion, mutation
Sexual Reproduction
Offspring are produced by the fusion of two gametes produced by each parent.
Reproductive isolation
members of different species physically incapable of breeding or not in the same place at the same time
What is an example of First Nations artificial selection?
Continued harvesting of mussels and urchins
Major categories used to show complex evolutionary relationships
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What are the 3 main domains of living organisms
Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
3 well known eukarya kingdoms
Fungi, plantae, animalia and protists
Protists
Eukaryotic organisms that do not fit animal or plant deifinition. Ex; Algae ( uni and multi cellular.
A phyla of bacteria that is photosynthetic
Cyanobacteria (Blue green bacteria)
Alga
Any photosynthetic organism that is not a plant
Accessory pigments
capture different wavelengths of sunlight, increasing efficiency (Cyanobacteria)
Chromatic Adaptation
Photsynthetic organism can alter the kind and quality of photosynthetic pigments, in response to changes in sunlight intensity.
Cyanobacteria may exist as
single cells, dense mats or filaments
Chemosynthetic bacteria
Can form organic molecules from inorganic molecules using chemicals instead of sunlight to produce carbohydrates
Diatoms
Major phytoplankton component, unicellular, extremely diverse
Diatom structure
2 valves, dependent on silica
2 basic diatom shapes
Radially and bilaterally symmetrical
Dinoflagellates
Globular, unicellular, 2 flagella in grooves
What are armored dinoflagellates armored with?
Cellulose plates
Mixotrophic
nutrition combines autotroph and heterotroph
Ecological role of dinoflagellates?
Major component of phytoplankton, zooxanthellae, harmfull algae blooms (HAB) ie; red tide
Zooxanthellae
important symbiotes of other organisms
Cocolithophores
Common phytoplankton component, Calcium carbonate scale, form chalk cliffs
