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Marine Biology > Chapter 1, 2 and 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1, 2 and 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Ocean covers what percentage of the earth?

A

70%

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2
Q

Exchange of heat energy between oceans and atmospheres affects

A

Weather patterns on a global scale

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3
Q

Intrinsic value

A

Value in and of itself, without regard for human need

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4
Q

Direct Value

A

Value that directly benefits humans ex’food. medicine

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5
Q

Indirect Value

A

Benefits that do not involve consumption of resources ie; recreation, beauty

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6
Q

Marine Biology

A

Study of marine organisms and their physiology, distribution and history

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7
Q

Marine Ecology

A

Study of marine organisms and their interaction with their environment and each other

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8
Q

What renewed interest in Marine Biology in the 1800’s?

A
  1. Translatlantic cable being brought to surface

2. Voyage of HMS Beagle and Charles Darwins “Origin of Species” theory of evolution

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9
Q

The beginning of modern marine science started with

A

The challenger expedition exploring worlds oceans in 1870’s

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10
Q

How many new species did the challenger expedition collect and describe?

A

4700

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11
Q

Other than the newly discovered species what else was discovered

A

Plankton

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12
Q

Plankton

A

marine organisms that are free flowing with the current

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13
Q

What major events occured in the 20th century in marine biology?

A

Arctic/Antarctic Expeditions

Impact of humans on marine environment gains attention

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14
Q

What is the focus of marine biology today?

A

Deep sea submersibles

Discovering ties between terrestrial and marine environments

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15
Q

Discovery Science

A

Observes long term, describes/explains natural structures and processes

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16
Q

TEKW

A

Traditional Ecological Wisdom and Knowledge, overlaps with Discovery Science ie; first nations giving history on migration routes of certain species

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17
Q

Hypothesis Based Science

A

Uses the Scientific method to test a potential explanation

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18
Q

Steps of scientific method

A
  1. Make observation
  2. Form Hypothesis
  3. Design Experiments
  4. Gathering results
  5. Drawing conclusions
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19
Q

Hypothesis

A

Educated guess

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20
Q

Theory

A

well established explanation of a phenomenon, repeatedly supported by scientific method and observation

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21
Q

7 First Nations Fundamental Truths

A
  1. Knowledge 2, creation 3. Connection to Nature 4. Respect 5. Stewardship 6. Sharing 7. Adapting to change
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22
Q

Habitat

A

Where an organism lives

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23
Q

NIche

A

An organisms role in its environment

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24
Q

Optimal Range

A

Range of environmental factors to which an organism is best adapted

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25
Stress Zone
Region above or below optimal range. Expends more energy than normal to maintain homeostasis
26
Zone if intolerance
A region so far removed from optimal range that the organism cannot survive
27
Abiotic Factors that can affect organism distribution
Sunlight, Pressure, temperature, salinity,
28
Dessication
Process of complete drying out
29
Ectotherms
Organisms that obtain body heat from outside environment
30
Endotherms
Organisms that create their own heat through metabolism
31
Pressure increases 1 atmosphere for every ____meters
10
32
Limiting Nutrients
Nutrients that limit the # or distribution of organisms in a particular environment
33
Population
A group of organisms of the same species which occupy a specified area and interbreed
34
Species
One or more populations of potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductive isolated
35
Distribution of organisms in a population take into account
Dispersion and Population Density
36
Population density
Number of individual organisms per unit area or volume
37
Dispersion
The pattern of spacing among individuals within a range Ex; Clumped, uniform or random
38
Changes in population can occur through
Birth, Death, Immigration, Emigration
39
Changes in population can be affected by
Demographics, generation time, sex ratio, survivorship and life history
40
2 basic population growth patterns
Exponential and logistic
41
Exponential growth
Growth that is initially slow but accelerates with time
42
Logistic Growth
Growth that is exponential at first but then levels out
43
Density dependent factors
predation, disease, competition; have greater effects as population increases
44
Denisty independent factors
Not related to population size; natural disasters ex; hurricane
45
Community
A group of interacting populations that inhabit a specific area
46
Competition
Organisms require same limited resources
47
Interspecific competition
Competition between species
48
Intraspecific competition
Among member of the same species
49
Competition may result in
Competitive exclusion or resource partitioning
50
Competitive Exclusion
Local extinction of the less successfull competitor
51
Resource Partitioning
Process that allows organisms to share a resource
52
Keystone species
Species that has a greater effect on community structure than its number might suggest EX; ochre seastar limits size of mussel populations
53
Cultural keystone species
plants or animals that form the contextual underpinnings of a culture with fundamental roles in diet, materials, medicine EX; Western red cedar
54
Symbiosis
Two different organisms live together in close association (depend on each other)
55
3 types of symbioses
Mutualism, commensalism and parasitism
56
Mutualism
Both organisms (partners) benefit
57
Commensalism
One partner benefits and the other in unaffected
58
Parasitism
One partner benefits and the other is harmed
59
Autotrophs
Primary produces; organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis
60
Heterotroph
Consumers; organism that relies on other organisms for food
61
Primary consumer
Animals that feed directly on producer (herbivores)
62
Secondary and tertiary consumers
Carnivores that feed on herbivores and other carnivores
63
Detrivores
Organisms that feed on detritus
64
Detritus
Organic matter such as animal waste and bits of decaying tissue
65
Decomposers
Organisms that break down tissue of dead organisms
66
Trophic level
Position in a food chain or web that indicates organisms feeding relationship
67
Ecological Efficiency
% or energy taken in as food by one trophic level and passed on as food to higher trophic level
68
10% rule
On average, only approximatly 10% of energy of energy available to one trophic level is passed on to the next level
69
Energy flow in an ecosystem is
one way and can only be converted, never created or destroyed
70
3 kinds of biogeochemical cycles
Hydrological, Nitrogen, Carbon
71
Cell theory
All living things are composed of one or more cells
72
All cells are capable of
Metabolism, growth and reproduction
73
Photosynthesis
Low energy molecules combine with sunlight to produce high energy food molecules. Occurs in chloroplasts
74
Cellular respiration
Food molecules are broken down to produce ATP, occurs in mitochondria
75
Level of organization
Organism - population - species- community- ecosystem - biosphere
76
Natural Selection
The process that favors the survival and reproduction of organisms that posess variations best suited to their environment (best fit)
77
Asexual reproduction
Where offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of sex cells, clones of their parents, no variety, only variation is mutation
78
Mutation
Mistake in DNA replication. Alteration of a single base unit of DNA. EX; Deletion, mutation
79
Sexual Reproduction
Offspring are produced by the fusion of two gametes produced by each parent.
80
Reproductive isolation
members of different species physically incapable of breeding or not in the same place at the same time
81
What is an example of First Nations artificial selection?
Continued harvesting of mussels and urchins
82
Major categories used to show complex evolutionary relationships
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
83
What are the 3 main domains of living organisms
Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
84
3 well known eukarya kingdoms
Fungi, plantae, animalia and protists
85
Protists
Eukaryotic organisms that do not fit animal or plant deifinition. Ex; Algae ( uni and multi cellular.
86
A phyla of bacteria that is photosynthetic
Cyanobacteria (Blue green bacteria)
87
Alga
Any photosynthetic organism that is not a plant
88
Accessory pigments
capture different wavelengths of sunlight, increasing efficiency (Cyanobacteria)
89
Chromatic Adaptation
Photsynthetic organism can alter the kind and quality of photosynthetic pigments, in response to changes in sunlight intensity.
90
Cyanobacteria may exist as
single cells, dense mats or filaments
91
Chemosynthetic bacteria
Can form organic molecules from inorganic molecules using chemicals instead of sunlight to produce carbohydrates
92
Diatoms
Major phytoplankton component, unicellular, extremely diverse
93
Diatom structure
2 valves, dependent on silica
94
2 basic diatom shapes
Radially and bilaterally symmetrical
95
Dinoflagellates
Globular, unicellular, 2 flagella in grooves
96
What are armored dinoflagellates armored with?
Cellulose plates
97
Mixotrophic
nutrition combines autotroph and heterotroph
98
Ecological role of dinoflagellates?
Major component of phytoplankton, zooxanthellae, harmfull algae blooms (HAB) ie; red tide
99
Zooxanthellae
important symbiotes of other organisms
100
Cocolithophores
Common phytoplankton component, Calcium carbonate scale, form chalk cliffs

Marine Biology (6 decks)

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