Test 3 Flashcards
Inductive Reasoning
- bottom up approach
- depends on the evidence at hand
- influenced by chance or variation
- conclusions are subject to revision or possible rejection based on new info
Four Questions for Evaluating Generalizations
- Was the correct group sampled?
- Were the data obtained in an effective way?
- Were enough causes considered?
- Was the sample representationaly structured?
Coincidences
-when two or more events occur together by chance
Correlations
-when two or more events occur together several times
Causes
-when two or more events occur together and the earlier event influences the later one
Erroneous Generalization
-generalizing based on two little information
4 components of a rhetorical situation
author, audience, purpose, presentation
Voice
writing personality
Information Literacy
- ability to identify, locate, evaluate, and effectively use information
- specific types, evaluating sources
ELM and Creating a Message Questions
1) Is the target audience likely to process centrally or peripherally?
2) Can you test it on a different group before you deliver it?
3) Do you need the attitude change to stick or can it be temporary?
4) Should your message contain more cues or more arguments?
5) Create arguments from your audiences point of view
ELM And Listening Question
1) Am i motivated & able to understand this message?
2) What is my existing point of view on this topic
3) What arguments (reasoning & evidence) is the source providing?
4) What cues might sway me even unknowingly?
5) What other factors about me might affect my decision about this topic or proposition
Ethics
“The most pervasive problem approached in most discussions of ethics whether we should judge things on the basis of the ends achieved or upon the basis of the means used “ -McCroskey
Coercion
-using force or punishment to get something you desire
Amoral View
rhetorical communication has no ethical value itself
- everyone should be allowed to speak, be trained in rhetorical communication
Moral View
rhetorical communication has ethical value
-only good people should be allowed to speak or be fully trained in rhetorical commucation
totalitarian
moral ethic, restricts communication often by coercion
democratic
-amoral ethic, systematically encourages free speech
Censorship
-all societies restrict free speech, but sometimes in different ways. Totalitarian restrict with laws and force, and democracies restrict with social pressure
Advocate System
having someone speak for you
ghostwriting
skilled communicator that creates messages for another source to present
Advantages to Central Route
- required for learning
- liberates us from others thinking and authority
Advantages to Peripheral
- uses just the right amount of energy (save it for when you need it))
- usually good enough for the purpose at hand
- takes less time
two route advantages
- either route can override the other
- the pull between the 2 systems reduces the chances f making power or dangerous judgements
Central Route Thinking
- involves processing messages carefully and effect fully
- produce more thoughts about the message and thoughts are relevant
- applies critical thinking skill of self regulation
- focuses on message argument
Peripheral Route Thinking
- assumes that humans are cognitive nusers
- involves processing messages superficially and lazily
- fewer thoughts about the message and thoughts are irrelevant
- tend to use when situations are familiar and immediate is required
- quick, feels intuitive
- decisions are rationalized after the fact
Cues
anything besides the argument
-attractiveness, appearance, liking, authority, habit