Test 2 Flashcards
Rhetoric
all available means of persuasion
Sophists
motivated “The Rhetoric”
Kairos
- timing
- there is a right time to deliver a persuasive message
Public
The commonality among people that is based on consumption of common tex
Public Sphere
-a common place where ideas and information are exchanged
Address
the relationship betwen the speaker & the audience
Problematic Vagueness
a word/expression has an imprecise or unclear meaning
Problematic Ambiguity
a word/expression has multiple meanings
Syllogism
formal statement where two true premises equal a third.
-3 part deductive argument
Ex) All the people in this room are students (major premise)
- you are this room (minor)
- you are a student (conclusion)
Enthymeme
-legitimate persuasive arguments that are missing premises
- shorted syllogism
-audience fills in the missing piece
-
Ethos
recievers attitude toward source at a particular time
- AKA credibility
- in the mind of reciever
- changes over time
Logos
-refers to proof/logic/argument/evidence
Pathos
-refers to appealing to the audiences emotions
“The Rhetoric”
3 parts: speaker, audience, speech itself
- Guided by 2 assumptions; 1)consider the audience
2) use many proofs
3 types of rhetoric
deliberative, forensic, epideictic
Deliberative Rhetoric
- (originally) speaking in the legislature
- speakers must convince aud. to complete or not complete an action
- future behavior
- personal identification w/ aud,
Forensic Rhetoric
(originally ) speaking in court
- relies on past behavior
- elicit feelings of guilt o innoncence
Proofs of rhetoric
-ethos, logos, pathos
5 Cannons of Rheotric
- invention
- arrangement
- style
- delivery
- memory
Invention
- choose the best possible arguments for your case
- creativity
Arrangement
-determine the most effective way to organize your arguments
Style
-using certain language to present your aguments
delivery
nonverbally presenting your arguments
memory
delivering a speech w/o notes & recalling important information during a speech
Audience Analysis
-our goal is to know enough about your audience to make your ideas clear & meaningful to them
(demographics, situations, adaption)
Argumentation
-the process of giving a reason in support of a claim
Argument = Reason + Claim
Types of Ethos
- initial
- derived
- terminal
Initial Ethos
-credibility assigned to a speaker prior to beginning a communication act
Derived Ethos
-credibility assigned to a speaker during the act of communication
Terminal Ethos
-credibility at the end of the communication act
Large Immediate Effects
- ethos/ credibility influence many psychilogical, cognitive, effective, & comm outcomes.
Small Longterm effects
- high ethos sources lose impact over time
- may need to remind later on
5 power bases
- coercive (punishment)
- reward (benefit)
- legitimate (assigned role)
- expert ( competence
- referent (identification)
Improve Credibility
- clarity
- relevance
- organization
- immediacy
- handling question well
- facing the audience
- fluent delivery
Proposition of Fact
-whether something is true/false, exists/noexists, happend/nohappen
Proposition of Value
whether somethin is favorable or not, moral or not, fair or not, better/worse
Proposition of Policy
where someone should or not , door believe something
Accurarcy
-words should refer to the meaning intended
Clarity
-words should contribute to audiences understanding
Propriety
language should be appropriate to the source, topic & audience
Economy
-use only as many words as necessary to communicate an idea to the audience ( KISS)
Vivacity
-audience interest depends on the language chosen
Ex) ( metaphor, antithesis, rhyme, isocolon, anaphora)
Monroes Motivated Sequence
- attention
- need
- satisfaction
- visualization
- action
Types of Evidence
Examples, Statistics, Testimonials
Functions of a Theory
- describe
- explain
- predict
- control
Questions to Consider when testing truthfulness
- Are the reasons provided true?
- If the reasons are true, is the claim true?
- Are there other explanations for the relationship between the claim and the reason? (bad)
Common Fallacies
-deceptive arguments that appear logical and may seem persuasive, however w/ logical reasoning, they fall apart.
Common Fallacies Examples
- appeals to ignorance
- appeals to mob
- appeals to emotion
- ad hominem attack (attack person not ideas)
- straw man fallacy ( attacking argument did not make)
- playing with words
- misuse of authority
Fear Appeals
present a risk or vulnerability to risk
EPPM
a theory that predicts responses to fear appeals.
`How to use Guilty Appeals
- be subtle
- use a familiar/likeable source
- provide east/clear solution to alleviate guilt
- anticipated guilt -how the audience can avoid guilt in the future
Sleeper Effect
we remember & think about funny things _ long term
Humor Appeals
- humor taps into happiness or joy
- attention getter
- can be a distraction
- effects persuasion
