test 2 study 2 Flashcards
when do the beginnings of language occur and what are some examples ?
they occur at birth
cooing, laughter, replicated babbling, vocal play, onset of single word utterances
use of sound in a repetitive manner occurs when the _______ becomes effective
audiotory feedback loop
hearing/ perception of sound stimuli; auditory processing (the brain organizing and understanding the stimuli)
input: audiotory development
organizing the sounds and speech
production of auditory sound/ speech and language
output: speech production and spoken language
development of oral communication
-2-4mo old repeats vowel-like sounds;
- 5mo old CV sequences begin
-9-10 mo glottal sounds reduced and alveolar sounds are produced
12 mo= first words
mother’s (caregiver) feedback of child’s sounds lays groundwork for the first_____
word production
the ability to perceive the presence or absence of sound
detection
involves the ability to determine whether two stimuli are the same or different. for example, these can be two environmental sounds, two speech sounds, two words, two phrase, 2 sentences, or 2 song/ rhymes
discrimination
involves the child’s ability to identify what has been labeled or name, may be called recognition
identification
highest level of auditory processing. the term is generally used when talking about understanding the meaning of the auditory input and application to known information, experiences, and language
comprehension
there are periods of development in which an organism is programmed to receive and use certain types of stimuli (the optimal period)
the theory of critical periods
in speech and language development, language input must be experienced at a certain stage or it becomes increasingly difficult for utilization of emergent language skills
optimal periods
belief in _______is supported by the fact that neural pathways are build by age 3 years and they are difficult to “rewire” after the age of 3
critical periods
what marks the last milestone for optimum acquisition of language
puberty
the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connection throughout life
– allows the neurons in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to addicts their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment
neuroplasticity
at birth a baby will have how many neurons?
100 billion neurons
in the first 3 years of life, the brain forms connections between these neurons called
synapses
by age 3, the brain has formed about how many connections?
1000 trillion connections
hearing loss eventually impacts / causes :
- delayed speech and language development
- learning problems
- reduced academic achievement
- social isolation and poor self concept
- impacts vocational choices
____is an ability/ skill that is achieved by most children by a certain age; can involve physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and communication skills
developmental milestone
early speech and language intervention can help children be more successful with
reading
writing
schoolwork
interpersonal relationships
- startles to loud noises
- quiets or smiles when spoken to
- seems to recognize your voice and quiets if crying
- increases or decreases sucking behavior in response to sound
birth to 3 months old hearing and understanding milestones
- makes pleasure sounds
- cries differently from different needs
- smiles when sees you
birth to 3 months old talking milestones
- moves eyes in direction of sounds
- responds to changes in tone of your voice
- notices toys that make sounds
- pays attention to music
4-6 months hearing and understanding milestones
- babbling sounds
- chuckles and laughs
- vocalizes excitement and displeasure
- gurgling sounds
4-6 months talking milestones
- enjoys games like peek a boo
- turns and looks in direction of sounds
- listens when spoken to
- recognizes words for common items
- begins to respond to requests
7 months- 1 year hearing and understanding milestones
- babbling has both long and short groups of sounds
- uses speech or nondrying sounds
- uses gestures to communicate
- imitates different speech sounds
- has one or two words
7 months- 1 year talking milestones
- points to a few body parts when asked
- follows smoke commands and understands simple questions
- listens to simple stories
- points to pictures in a book
1-2 years hearing and understanding milestones
-says more words every month
- uses some one or two word questions
-puts two words together
uses many different consonant sounds
1-2 years talking milestones
- understands differences in meaning
- follows two requests
- listens to and enjoys hearing stories for longer periods of time
2-3 years hearing and understanding milestone
- has a word for almost everything
- using two or 3 words to talk about and ask for things
- uses K G F T D and N sounds
- speech is understood by familiar listeners most of the ti,e
- often asks for directs attention to objects by naming them
2-3 years talking milestones
- hears you when you call from another room
- hears television or radio at the same time
- answers simple who what where why questions
3-4 years hearing and understanding milestones
- talks about activities at school or at friends homes
- people outside of the family usually understand child’s speech
- uses a lot of sentences that have 4 or more words
- usually talks easily without repeating syllables or words
3-4 years talking milestones
- pays attention to a short story and answers simple questions about them
- hears and understands most of what is said at home and in school
4-5 years hearing and understanding milestones
- uses sentences that give details
- tells stories that stick to topic
- says most sounds correctly
- says rhyming words
- names some letters and numbers
- uses the same grammar as the rest of the family
4-5 years talking milestones
_______is a procedure that allows us to examine functioning of the middle ear system ; not a test of hearing sensitivity
tympanometry
does not require the patient to actively participate
objective
requires the patient to actively participate
subjective
tympanometry is measured using a ______in which a probe tip is inserted into the ear canal and data is collected from each ear individually
tympanometer
the data that is collected is plotted on a graph known as a ________and then compared to normative data
tympanogram
tympanometry is based on 3 physical principles
pressure
compliance
ear canal volume
_____in tympanometry referes to how much _____is in the middle ear cavity. it is plotted on the horizontal (x axis) of the tympanogram;
PRESSURE
pressure is measured in
decaPascals (daPa)
what is a normal atmospheric pressure?
0daPA
abnormal pressure may be indicative of
eustachian tube dysfunction the beginning or ending stage of an ear infection
generally -150daPA or greater ias
abnormal pressure
refers to the amount of mobility of the tympanic membrane ; measured in milliliters
compliance
compliance is plotted on the ___________ axis of the tympanogram
vertical (y axis)
what is normal compliance in children?
0.2 - 0.9 ml
what is normal compliance in adults
0.3 - 1.4 ml
_______is a measurement of the physical volume of the ear canal; measured in ml
ear canal volume ECV
what info does the ECV provide??
info regarding outer ear pathology, tympanic membrane perforation, pressure equalization tube patency
ear canal volume ranges for children
0.4- 1.0 ml
ear canal volume ranges for adults
0.6- 1.5 ml
all measure within the normal range
indicates normal middle ear function
type A
peak present, compliance lower than normal, all other measures normal
represents abnormal stiffness as in otosclerosis, the beginning/ending stages of toots media, and significant TM scarring
type As
peak present and compliance is larger than the normal range, all other measures are normal
represetns a flaccid TM resulting from scar tissue or a possible disarticulation of the ossicular chair
type Ad
no peak present and therefore no compliance is recorded no true pressure is measured
reffered to as flat tympanogram
type b
ME pressure is outside of the negative normal range, compliance and ECV are WNLs
indicates negative middle ear pressure
posssible eustachian tube dysfunction
can be the result of the constant sniffling especially in children
type C
what does a type b tympanogram indicate
a fluid filled middle ear
blockage of ear canal
eardrum perforation
use a probe tip ___than the ear canal
larger
never test a ______ear
draining
