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Test 2 Speed Study Flashcards

1
Q

IgG

A

Chronic

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2
Q

IgE

A

Submucosa

Allergic reaction or autoimmune issue

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3
Q

IgD

A

Works with IgM

Acute infection

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4
Q

IgM

A

Acute infection

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5
Q

IgA

A

Mucosa

Protect body from foreign bodies

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6
Q

Diseases associated with Bence Jones proteins

A 
multiple myeloma 
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) 
lymphoma 
metastatic lytic bone lesions 
Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia 
end-stage of renal failure 
amyloidosis
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7
Q

Multiple myeloma lab presentation

A 
Decreased RBC
Decreased WBC
Decreased PLATELETS
Increased BLEEDING
Decreased ERYTHROPOETIN
Increased calcium
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8
Q

Low values of HCG in the urine for pregnant women indicate:

A
  • miscarriage
  • death of baby or embryo
  • ectopic pregnancy
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9
Q

High blood level HCG

A

can be used for screening of Down’s syndrome between 15-20 weeks of pregnancy
(it does not indicate 100% presence of this disease)

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10
Q

Edwards syndrome

A

Trisomy 18

Low hCG

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11
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

Increased hCG

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12
Q

Schillings test

A

Determines B12 deficiency

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13
Q

Stage I Schilling’s test

A

low vitamin B12 level in food or diet

megaloblastic anemia

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14
Q

Stage II Schilling’s test

A

low intrinsic factor (problems with the stomach)

causing the low vitamin B12 level

(chronic atrophic gastritis, gastrectomy pernicious anemia)

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15
Q

Stage III Schilling’s test

A

abnormal bacterial growth causing the low vitamin B12 absorption in ileum

Tropical sprue, Celiac disease, Crohn’s disease

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16
Q

Stage IV Schilling’s test

A

low vitamin B12 absorption caused by

problems with the pancreas

(malabsorption syndrome, pancreatitis)

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17
Q

enzymatic immunoassay tests (EIAs)

A

used for urine toxicology screening, are useful in detection of classes of drugs (e.g. opiates) but cannot determine which specific drug (e.g. morphine) is present

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18
Q

Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of

A

purine nucleotides

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19
Q

Types of purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

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20
Q

Hyperuricosuria is associated with

A
  • gout
  • metastatic cancer
  • multiple myeloma
  • cancer chemotherapy
  • high purine diet
  • leukemias
  • intake of uricosuric drugs:
    – ascorbic acid, calcitonin, estrogens, steroids, salicylates
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21
Q

Hypouricosuria is associated with

A
  • kidney diseases
    • chronic glomerulonephritis
    • eclampsia
    • chronic alcohol ingestion with kidney pathology
    • lead toxicity with kidney pathology
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22
Q

Normal urine creatinine (24-hour sample) values

A

can range from 500 to 2000 mg/day.

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23
Q

High creatinine clearance:

A
  • strenuous exercise
  • pregnancy
  • muscle injury (especially crushing injuries)
  • burns
  • hypothyroidism
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24
Q

Low creatinine clearance:

A
  • serious kidney damage (infection, shock, low blood flow to the kidneys, cancer)
  • urinary tract blockage
  • heart failure,
  • dehydration
  • liver disease (cirrhosis)
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25
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) BUN is a measurement of:
- kidney’s excretory function | - liver metabolic function
26
Abnormally high blood levels of BUN and creatinine is collectively known as
Azotemia
27
``` Prerenal azotemia (without primary involvement of the urinary system): ```
- hypovolemia due to GI bleeding, dehydration, shock - excessive protein ingestion (alimentary tube feeding) - starvation - excessive protein catabolism (burns, sepsis) - congestive heart failure - myocardial infarction
28
Renal azotemia (due to primary kidney diseases):
- renal failure | - nephrotoxic drugs
29
``` Postrenal azotemia (due to primary lower urinary tract involvement) : ```
- lower urinary tract obstruction with abnormal | or inadequate excretion of urine
30
Decreased BUN level develops in the following pathologies:
- liver failure (cirrhosis) - overhydration - negative nitrogen balance (a diet low in protein, malabsorption)
31
High levels of serum acid phosphatase pAP
- prostate cancer that has metastasized to the bone - systemic infection - anemia severe - multiple myeloma lytic - thrombophlebitis - Paget’s disease blastic - hepatitis - kidney diseases
32
Prostate specific antigen PsA
• High level of PsA and enlargement of the prostate during digital rectal exam may indicate: benign prostate hyperplasia, prostatitis (mostly due to venereal diseases) • High level of PsA and normal or small size of prostate on the digital exam may indicate prostate cancer. • But only prostate biopsy (!!!) can be used for diagnosis of prostate cancer.
33
Aspartate Aminotransferase - AST-SGOT Blood level of AST will increase in:
- liver parenchymal cell damage - myocardial infarction - skeletal muscle trauma - acute renal diseases - acute pancreatitis - severe burns - hemolytic anemias
34
Alanin Aminotransferase - ALT-SGPT
Caused by liver damage - hep - cirrhosis - liver toxins
35
ALT / SGPT can elevate in:
- congestive heart failure - infectious mononucleosis - viral/systemic
36
GGTP INCREASED IN
- liver diseases - biliary system disorders (provided Alkaline phosphatase blood level is increased) - 1 to 2 weeks after an acute myocardial infarction - pancreatitis
37
Abnormally high ALP blood level is found in
- bilary obstruction - osteoblastic tumor/pagets - osteomalacia - hepatitis - leukemia - lymphoma - sarcoidosis - protein malnutrition Celiac - deficiency in vit/min
38
LDH1
HHHH | Myocardium and RBC
39
LDH2
HHHM | Reticuloendothelial system WBC
40
LDH3
HHMM | Lung
41
LDH4
HMMM | Kidney, placenta, and pancreas
42
LDH5
MMMM | Liver and striated muscle
43
Troponin I or T
Measured for heart attack
44
CPK-1 (also called CPK-BB) is found mostly | in the
``` brain and lungs Increased CPK-1 (BB) levels may be due to: - brain cancer - brain injury (due to injury, stroke, or bleeding in the brain) - electroconvulsive therapy - pulmonary infarction - seizure ```
45
CPK-2 (also called CPK-MB) is found | mostly
After a heart attack
46
CPK-3 (also called CPK-MM) is found | mostly in
skeletal muscle injuries, whether it be a car accident, surgery such as appendectomy, seizure, or even just exercise
47
High myoglobin levels=
- heart attack - muscular dystrophy - rhabdomyolysis - myositis - ischemia - trauma
48
Albumin normal levels
- 55% | - 3.5-5g/dl
49
Normal albumin-to-globulin ratio is
Greater than 1 (~1.4)
50
Globulin normal levels
- 38% | - 2.0-2.5 g/dl
51
Fibrinogen normal levels
- 7% | - 0.2-0.45 g/dl
52
Increased serum albumin levels can be found in?
Dehydration
53
Decreased serum albumin levels can be found in?
- advanced malignancy - liver disease – the liver synthesizes albumin - Crohn’s disease - starvation – inadequate protein intake - nephrotic syndrome - kwashiorkor - hypertensive disorders of pregnancy -(pre)-eclampsia
54
Increased globulin levels can be found in?
- liver disease - amyloidosis - multiple myeloma - leukemia - lymphomas
55
Decreased fibrinogen can be found in?
Liver cirrhosis
56
Total protein
- 6.0-8.3 | - may be increased during pregnancy
57
Normal fasting blood glucose test levels
70-100 mg/dl | Type 2
58
Persistent hyperglycemia
- diabetes mellitus - pancreatitis - pancreatic tumor - pheochromocytoma - Cushings
59
Transient hyperglycemia
- stroke - heart attack - after surgery - shock - severe liver damage
60
Persistent hypoglycemia
Insuloma Addison's disease Ectopic insulin production
61
Transient hypoglycemia
Alcohol intoxication Severe glycogen storage Strenuous exercise Insulin OD
62
Normal glucose tolerance test levels
Fasting 70-100mg/dl 1hour <200 2hours<140
63
Increased amylase in blood and urine occur due to?
- acute or chronic pancreatitis - pancreatic cancer - mumps
64
Higher than normal lipase levels may be due to?
- acute or chronic pancreatitis - bowel obstruction - celiac disease - penetration of ulcer - pancreatic cancer - infection/swelling of pancreas
65
What organ produces cholesterol?
Liver produces 80% | The other 20 is from animal products
66
Normal LDL
<130 mg/dL
67
Normal HDL
>40-60 mg/dL
68
Normal total cholesterol
160-200 mg/dL
69
Optimal LDL/HDL ratio is?
> 3.5 : 1
70
Total cholesterol <160 can be a sign of
Hemorrhagic stroke Depression Reduced synthesis of hormones Could indicate liver cancer
71
Total cholesterol >200 can be a sign of
Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular diseases Ischemic stroke Obesity
72
Triglycerides are elevated in
Obese and or diabetic patients
73
AFP high levels =
- cancer of gonads - cirrhosis - hep recovery ``` In pregnancy High levels -spina bifida -tetralogy of fallot -Turner syndrome -twins+ Low levels -Down's syndrome (21) -Edwards (18) ```
74
ANA antinuclear antibodies help diagnose what illnesses?
- LUPUS** - chronic liver disease - vasculitis - dermatomyositis - rheumatoid arthritis - Sjögren syndrome - scleroderma
75
Anti-dsDNA antibodies are the best indicators for diagnosing what disease?
Lupus
76
ASO (antistreptolysin O) test tests for what?
- Strep infection - rheumatic fever - scarlet fever - bacterial endocarditis - acute glomerulonephritis
77
CRP has a ______ sensitivity and a is ______ specific
Highly sensitive | NOT specific
78
HIV tests
ELISA =best Western blot to verify PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
79
A positive test means HLA-B27 is present
- psoriatic arthritis - ankylosing spondylitis - IBD - Reiters syndrome AKA chlamydia - uveitis aka iritis
80
Positive RF (rheumatoid factor) can be found in what diseases?
- Sjögrens syndrome - SLE - dermatomyositis - sarcoidosis - scleroderma - chronic hep
81
PT prothrombin time normal values
11-13.5
82
Ammonia test diagnoses what diseases
- liver diseases - kidney failure - heart failure - Reye's syndrome
83
Left shift means
An increase in the number of IMMATURE neutrophils (aka band cells) in the peripheral blood Normal amount is 2-6%
84
Left shift usually occurs in?
Inflammation Infection Certain types of cancer
85
Right shift is
The ratio of immature - mature neutrophils, it is considered with reduced count or lack of young neutrophils Is associated with the presence of giant neutrophils
86
Leukopenia Leukocytopenia Leucopenia Develops due to?
- immunodeficiency disorders - chemotherapy - radiation therapy - some medications immunosuppressive drugs
87
Normal values neutrophils
50-65
88
Normal values lymphocytes
20-35
89
Normal values monocytes
2-8
90
Normal values eosinophils
1-6
91
Normal values Basophils
0.5-1
92
polymorphonuclear
- neutrophils (2–5 lobes of nucleus) - eosinophils (2 lobes of nucleus) - basophils (2 - 3 lobes of nucleus) Granulocytes
93
mononuclear (single nucleus):
- lymphocytes - monocytes Agranulocytes
94
Function of neutrophils
- first WBC - phagocytosis - bacterial or fungal infections - inflammation Lifetime 6hours-few days
95
Neutrophilia (over 70%)
Infection bacterial/fungal Trauma Inflammation Stress
96
Neutropenia (less 45%)
Bone marrow depression (aplastic or megaloblastic anemia) Viral infection Autoimmune disorders
97
Eosinophils
Allergic reactions Bronchial asthma Parasites Lifetime 8-12 days
98
Eosinophilia over 6%
``` Allergic reaction Atopic bronchial asthma Parasite Skin diseases Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Hodgkin's disease ```
99
Eosinopenia less than 1%
Stress Cushings Aplastic anemia Brucellosis
100
Basophils
Inflammation Type 1 anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions Ticks Cancer Lifetime is a few hours Basophils synthesize histamine
101
Basophilia over 2%
``` Chronic myelocytic leukemia Hodgkins UC Allergic reactions Polycythemia Infection (viral such as TB or chicken pox) ```
102
Basopenia less than .5%
``` Hyperthyroidism Ovulation Pregnancy Stress Aplastic anemia ```
103
Lymphocytes
Antiviral Antitumor Lifetime years to weeks
104
Lymphocytosis over 45%
Viral infection Autoimmune disorders Infectious mono Lymphatic leukemia
105
Lymphopenia less than 20%
Chronic diseases | High corticosteroid levels
106
Monocytes
Tissue damage Autoimmune disease Chronic infectious diseases Inflammation
107
Monocytosis over 8%
``` TB Hep Malaria Typhoid Leishmaniasis ``` CT diseases SBE Myeloma Monocytic leukemia
108
Monicytopenia less than 2%
``` Acute infections Stress Treatment with glucocorticoids Aplastic anemia Acute myeloid leukemia ```
109
Increased count of RBC
Polycythemia
110
Different sized RBCs/cells
Anisocytosis
111
Different shapes RBCs/cells
Poikilocytosis
112
Macrocytes
Megaloblastic anemia Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Alcoholism Chronic liver disease
113
Microcytes
Iron deficiency anemia Thalassemia Sickle cell Spherocytosis
114
Elliptocytes
Hemolytic anemia Thalassemia Iron deficiency anemia Myelofibrosis
115
Tear drop
Myelofibrosis
116
Sickle cell aka
Depanocytes
117
Schistocytes (red cell fragments)
Hemolytic anemia Burns Iron deficiency anemia Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura
118
Burr cells aka echinocytes
``` Uremia Hemolytic anemia Pyruvate kinase deficiency Hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia Marathon runners ```
119
Spur cells aka acanthocytes
Liver disease Uremia thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
120
Target cells aka codocytes
Obstructive liver disease Abnormal hemoglobin diseases (thalassemia ) Iron deficiency anemia
121
Spherocytes
Hereditary spherocytosis Burns After drug toxicity
122
Hypochromia
Iron deficiency Thalassemia Sideriblastic anemia
123
Hyperchromic
Hereditary spherocytosis | Megaloblastic anemias
124
basophilic stippling
Lead poisoning Thalassemia Sideroblastic anemia
125
Cabot rings
Lead poisoning Pernicious anemia Thalassemia
126
Howell-jolly bodies DNA nuclear remnants
Megaloblastic anemia Hemolytic anemia Post-splenectomy
127
Heinz body Denatured hemoglobin
Glucose 6 phosphate deficiency
128
High Hematocrit HTC indicates polycythemia
``` • polycythemia vera • dehydration • COPD (hypoxia) • congenital heart disease • kidney tumor that produces excess erythropoietin ```
129
A low HTC (hematocrit) indicates anemia
``` • bleeding • overhydration • nutritional deficiencies such as iron, folate, vitamin B12 • bone marrow disorders • kidney failure (decreased production of erythropoietin) • excessive destruction of RBC ```
130
A hematocrit of less than 15% can result in
cardiac failure
131
A hematocrit of over 60% may result in
spontaneous blood clotting
132
Hemoglobin Hb HGB Normal levels
11.6-15.2 g/dL
133
Increased HGB/Hb/hemoglobin indicates
Polycythemia Vera Dehydration Cir pulmonale Pulmonary fibrosis
134
Decreased HGB/Hb/hemoglobin levels indicate
``` Iron deficiency anemia Hemolytic anemia Sickle cell Thalassemia Renal failure ```
135
Rule of three
The hemoglobin should be three times RBC count.
136
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Hct/RBC x 10 Normal range is 80-99 femtoliters or fL
137
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
Hb/ RBC x10 Normal range 27-31 picograms pg
138
If a patient has a high hematocrit what does that mean?
Excessive RBC

UA (13 decks)

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