diseases

Question 1

Congenital Anatomical Variations Affecting the Urinary Tract

Answer 1

duplicate sets of ureters
horseshoe kidney
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

Question 2

acquired Anatomical Variations Affecting the Urinary Tract

Answer 2

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

accidents and injuries to urinary tract

Question 3

Duplex Collecting System

Answer 3

-most common renal
congenital abnormality which is characterized by complete or incomplete duplications of the collecting system:
found in 1% of the population
and 10% of children who are diagnosed with chronic UTI
• The problem begins in human fetus around the 4th-5th week of
embryonic development • Most common among females

Question 4

duplex kidney

Answer 4

two separate pelvicalyceal systems draining a single renal parenchyma

Question 5

double/duplicated ureters

Answer 5

independent ureters that

drain separately into the urinary or genital tract, and are seen in complete or incomplete duplication

Question 6

Partial (incomplete) duplications of the ureters

Answer 6

drain into
the bladder via a single common ureter (the two ureters unite
before emptying into the bladder)
• It is rarely clinically significant,
but can associated with:
ureteroureteral reflux and
deformation of the ureter (ureterocele)
or ureteropelvic junction obstruction of the lower pole of the kidney

Question 7

Complete duplications of the ureters

Answer 7

the two ureters
drain separately:
one ureter opens normally into the bladder,
the other opens in wrong place (ectopic), ending in
the vagina, the urethra or the vulval vestibule

Question 8

oliguria

Answer 8

less than 400 ml of urine per day

Question 9

Horseshoe kidney (renal fusion or super kidney)

Answer 9

Horseshoe kidney (renal fusion or super kidney)

Question 10

The fused part is the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney

Answer 10

The fused part is the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney

Question 11

Horseshoe kidney is

Answer 11

most common in men
• Horseshoe kidney is often asymptomatic
• May increase risk for development of:
- kidney obstruction - hydronephrosis - pyelonephritis - urolithiasis - kidney cancer
as a result of poor drainage of the urine

Question 12

Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) is

Answer 12

an abnormal

retrograde movement of urine from bladder into ureters

Question 13

VUR can be

Answer 13

- primary – defect in development of the
ureteral valve (short, ineffective flap valve) at the end of the ureter (only in children)
- secondary - occurs when an obstruction in the
bladder or urethra causes urine to flow backward into the kidneys (at any age)

Question 14

VUR may result in

Answer 14

hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis