Test 2 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Do radioactive materials deposited internally produce Total Body Syndrome?
A
No
2
Q
In “LD 50/30,” the 30 refers to which of the following:
A. dose
B. days
C. number in a population
D. percent of a population
A
B. days
3
Q
Between 10 and 100 Gy, mean survival time is not a function of dose (i.e. all animals irradiated with a total body dose in this range survive for approximately the same length of time).
A. True
B. False
A
A. True
4
Q
Hemopoietic Syndrome, GI Syndrome, & CNS Syndrome … match each with dose
A
- Hemopoietic syndrome: 1-10 Gy
- GI Syndrome: 10-100 Gy
- CNS Syndrome: greater than 100 Gy
5
Q
What is the Prodromal Stage characterized by?
A
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (often referred to as N-V-D syndrome)
6
Q
During the Latent Stage, internal changes ____________ taking place.
A. are
B. might be
C. are not
A
A. are
7
Q
What is the LD 50/60 for humans?
A
2.5-3.0 Gy
8
Q
The depression of all blood cell counts is referred to as:
A. leukopenia
B. pancytopenia
C. anemia
D. thrombocytopenia
A
B. pancytopenia
9
Q
Does the GI Syndrome occur if only the GI tract has been irradiated?
A
No, because the bone marrow plans an integral role in this syndrome
10
Q
What Syndrome does the LD 100 for humans fall within?
A
GI Syndrome
11
Q
Does survival time vary with dose in the GI syndrome?
A
No, death occurs at the same time, regardless of dose
12
Q
Is the cause of death in the CNS Syndrome fully known or understood?
A
No
13
Q
Does the bone marrow and GI tract exhibit dramatic changes in the CNS syndrome?
A
No, because the individual does not live long enough
14
Q
What are the general effects of radiation on the embryo/fetus?
A
Lethality, congenital abnormalities present at birth, long-term effects (late effects) that are not visible at birth but develop later in life
15
Q
Doses as low as _____ Gy cause a detectable increase in the number of microcephalic individuals, regardless of gestational age.
A
0.09
16
Q
What is the most common sequalae of in-utero exposure after the 1st trimester?
A
Microcephaly
17
Q
Which trimester is the embryo / fetus most radiosensitive in terms of both lethality and induction of congenital abnormalities in humans?
A
The first trimester (in particularly the first 6 weeks of development)
18
Q
final exponsential portion of the curve
A
Do
19
Q
quasi-threshold dose, the width of the shoulder region of a cell survival curve
A
Dq
20
Q
extrapolation number
A
n
21
Q
are High Do Doses radiosensitive or radioresistent?
A
radioresistent
22
Q
are Low Do Doses radiosensitive or radioresistent?
A
radiosensitive
23
Q
True or False: In the shoulder region of the survival curve for mammalian cells, equal increases in dose cause a corresponding equal decrease in surviving fraction. (Hint: In the shoulder region, damage does not have to be accumulated before the cell dies.)
A
False
24
Q
When a given dose of radiation is divided into 2 equal doses separated by various intervals of time, the surviving fraction of cells was ___________ if the same total dose were given as a single dose. (Hint: Elkind & Sutton-Gilbert experiments in 1960)
A
larger than
25
damage that can be repaired between irradiation and the subsequent mitosis, and which is lethal if not repaired
PLD (potentially lethal damage)
26
nonlethal damage that either can be repaired or can accumulate and become lethal if further dose is given
SLD (sublethal damage)
27
Repair of SLD and PLD has been demonstrated for which of the following types of radiation?
PLD is demonstrated after a ________ of radiation
SLD can only be demonstrated after _______ doses
single dose
two or more
28
_______ dose means that an observed response is directly proportional to the dose
linear
29
_________ dose assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect
nonlinear
30
_______ dose assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect
nonthreshold
31
______ dose assumes that there is a radation level reached below which there would be no effects observed
threshold
32
Current radiation protection guidelines are established using the _________ dose-response relationship model.
linear nonthreshold
33
High dose effects observed in radiation therapy are demonstrated by the ________ dose-response relationship model.
sigmoid
34
The cells in the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the intestine fall into which of the following cell population categories?
stem cell population
35
Adult nervous tissue and muscle fall into which cell population category?
static population
36
Match each category of cell population with its degree of radiosensitivity/radioresistance: Vegetative Intermitotic Cells, Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells, Reverting Postmitotic Cells, Fixed Postmitotic Cells
Vegetative Intermitotic Cells: most radiation sensitive
Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells: intermediate in sensitivity to radiation
Reverting Postmitotic Cells: relatively radioresistant
Fixed Postmitotic Cells: most radioresistant
37
Which type of Reverting Postmitotic Cell is differentiated and very radiosensitive?
Mature Lymphocyte
38
Be able to match a type of cell to its category of cell population: Vegetative Intermitotic Cells, Differentiating Intermitotic Cells, Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells, Fixed Postmitotic Cells
erythroblasts
Vegetative Intermitotic Cells
39
Be able to match a type of cell to its category of cell population: Vegetative Intermitotic Cells, Differentiating Intermitotic Cells, Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells, Fixed Postmitotic Cell
type B spermatogonia
Differentiating Intermitotic Cells:
40
Be able to match a type of cell to its category of cell population: Vegetative Intermitotic Cells, Differentiating Intermitotic Cells, Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells, Fixed Postmitotic Cell
fibroblasts
Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells
41
Be able to match a type of cell to its category of cell population: Vegetative Intermitotic Cells, Differentiating Intermitotic Cells, Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells, Fixed Postmitotic Cell
erythrocytes (RBCs)
Fixed Postmitotic Cells
42
contains the cells characteristic of that individual tissue or organ
parenchymal compartment
43
composed of connective tissue and vasculature, which make up the supporting structure of the organ
stromal compartment
44
Know acutely responding tissues vs. late responding tissues
manifest their injury within a few months after radiation is completed
acutely responding tissues
45
Know acutely responding tissues vs. late responding tissues
do not express injury for at least 3 months or longer
late resonding tissue
46
As RBE increases, what happens to dose?
decreases
47
What does reducing the dose rate do to the survival curve?
The slope becomes more shallow
48
True or False: High LET radiations do not show a dose-rate effect.
True
49
What happens to the survival curve of cells irradiated in oxygen?
Two things:
1. The should region of the curve is small
2. The slope of the exponential portion of the curve is steeper, resulting in a decreased Do dose
50
Know about the oxygen effect
Specific name given to the response of cells to radiation in the presence of oxygen
51
Know common radiosensitizers
Nirtoimidazoles & 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5-BUDR) and 5-iododeoxyuridine (5-IUDR)
52
Know the quality factor of x-rays, high-energy photons, electrons, thermal neutrons, gamma rays, fast neutrons, & alpha particles
X-rays, gamma rays, and electrons =
Thermal neutrons =
High energy photons=
Fast neutrons & alpha particles =
X-rays, gamma rays, and electrons = 1
Thermal neutrons = 5
High energy photons= 10
Fast neutrons & alpha particles = 20
53
What do gas filled chambers measure?
Measure either the rate of ionization or the level of ionization
54
TLDs contain lithium fluoride or calcium fluoride crystals. When exposed to ionizing radiation, these crystals store radiant energy when heated. As they are heated, the crystals release energy as _______ , which is then measured by a machine
light
55
Does the ICRP & NCRP have jurisdiction to enforce recommendations?
no
56
True or False: Neutrons are detected by ion chambers & G-M detectors
False
57
What is the annual negligible individual dose?
1 mrem/yr (0.01 mSv/yr)
58
the replacement of damaged cells in the organ by the same cell type present before radiation
regeneration
59
the replacement of the depleted original cells by a different cell
repair
60
What is the average lifetime of an erythrocyte in the circulating blood?
120 days
61
Regardless of the time after irradiation that an acute effect occurs, the cause is the same … depletion of the ____________ cells specific to the tissue.
paranchymal
62
Which of the following are true?
Chronic (late) effects may occur either:
1. as a consequence of irreversible and progressive early changes
2. as a consequence of irreversible and progressive late changes
3. due to depletion of critical parenchymal cells
4. due to depletion of critical nonparenchymal cells
1. as a consequence of irreversible and
| 4. due to depletion of critical nonparenchymal cells
63
Do primary or secondary effects appear sooner & progress more quickly?
Secondary chronic effects appear sooner and progress more quickly than primary chronic effects
64
True or False: Chronic effects can occur years after radiation therapy is completed.
true
65
The cells in the circulating blood are resistant to radiation. What is the one exception to this?
Lymphocytes
66
When irradiated, what type of cells decrease first, second, third
Lymphocytes decrease first, neutrophils are second, and platelets and RBCs are third
67
How many Gy will cause temporary sterility in men?
2.5 Gy
68
What is considered the most radioresistant system in adults?
Central nervous system
69
In the brain, what type of matter is more radiosensitive?
White brain matter
70
low LET radiation produces ________ ionizations separated by _____ distances
sparse; long
71
in general, cells and tissues whose survival curves have large shoulders show ____ dose-rate effects.
large
72
a cutie pie is an ________-type survey meter
ion chamber
73
if you forgot your film badge, you would use a __________.
pocket dosimeter
74
In _______________ states, both the NRC and the state are responsible for enforcing radiation protection regulations.
non-agreement
75
catastrophic and irreversible acute changes heal by ______
repair
76
dose that will kill 50% of the population in 60 days
LD 50/60
77
what does a radiation sensitizer do to the response?
enhances
78
what does a radiation protector do to the response?
diminishes
79
In "LD 50/60," the 50 refers to which of the following:
A. number in a population
B. percent of a population
C. days
D. dose
B. percent of a population
80
Survival time does not vary with dose in the GI syndrome. Death occurs at the same time, regardless of dose.
A. True
B. False
A. True
81
What organ is severely damaged by doses in the 10 - 100 Gy range?
A. small intestine
B. bone marrow
C. blood vessels that supply the CNS
D. large intestine
A. small intestine
82
Which of the following are general effects of radiation on the embryo/fetus?
A. lethality
B. congenital abnormalities
C. late effects not visible at birth
D. all of these answers
D. all
83
Radiation does not cause unique congenital abnormalities.
A. True
B. False
A. True
84
Repair of SLD and PLD has been demonstrated for which of the following types of radiation? (Please check all that apply)
o neutrons
o x-rays
o y-rays
x-rays and y-rays
85
Neutrons reduce the shoulder and steepen the slope of the cell survival curve.
A. True
B. False
A. True
86
Oxygen is a ________________.
A. Radiosensitizer
B. Radioprotector
A. Radiosensitizer
87
The oxygen effect is most pronounced with ...
A. low LET radiations
B. both low and high LET radiations
C. neither low or high LET radiations
D. high LET radiations
A. low LET radiations
88
The origin of x-rays is the electron shells. What is the origin of gamma radiation?
A. electron shells or nucleus, depending on the radioisotope
B. electron shells
C. nucleus
D. electron shells and nucleus
C. nucleus
89
Which of the following restores the organ to its pre-irradiated state?
A. redistribution
B. repair
C. regeneration
D. repopulation
C. regeneration
90
What is the SED 50 for humans?
A. 200 rad (2 Gy)
B. 800 rad (8 Gy)
C. 400 rad (4 Gy)
D. 600 rad (6 Gy)
D. 600 rad (6 Gy)
91
When compared to mature nondividing cells, immature dividing cells are damaged after______________ doses of radiation.
A. lower
B. higher
C. the same
A. lower
92
The appearance of radiation damage is influenced by:
A. the biologic stress on the cell
B. the conditions to which the cell is exposed post-irradiation
C. all of the answers listed
the conditions to which the cell is exposed pre-irradiation
C. all of the answers listed
| the conditions to which the cell is exposed pre-irradiation
93
Chronic (late) effects may occur either:
1. as a consequence of irreversible and progressive early changes
2. as a consequence of irreversible and progressive late changes
3. due to depletion of critical parenchymal cells
4. due to depletion of critical nonparenchymal cells
```
A. 2 & 3
B. 1 & 3
C. 1, 2, 3, & 4
D. 1 & 4
E. 2 & 4
```
D. 1 & 4
94
Chronic effects can occur years after radiation therapy is completed.
A. True
B. False
A. True
95
Pathologically, is it possible to distinguish between primary and secondary chronic changes?
A. sometimes, depending on turnover kinetics
B. yes
C. no
C. no
96
What represents the ultimate secondary chronic effect?
```
A. stenosis
B. fibrosis
C. atrophy
D. necrosis
E. ulceration
```
D. necrosis
97
Match each alimentary canal organ to its degree of radiosensitivity using the following:
1: least radiosensitive (i.e. most radioresistant)
2. intermediate radiosensitivity
3. most radiosensitive (i.e. least radioresistant)
Stomach
Small intestine
Esophagus
Stomach-2
Small intestine-3
Esophagus-1
98
permanent sterility in men can be produced by an acute radiation dose of
5.5Gy
99
Although the dose necessary to produce sterility in females is a function of age, in general, a dose of greater than __________ produces sterility in women.
6.25Gy
100
High LET radiation produces _______________ ionizations separated by _______________ distances.
dense; short
