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Radiation Biology > Test 2 Review > Flashcards

Test 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Do radioactive materials deposited internally produce Total Body Syndrome?

A

No

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2
Q

In “LD 50/30,” the 30 refers to which of the following:

A. dose
B. days
C. number in a population
D. percent of a population

A

B. days

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3
Q

Between 10 and 100 Gy, mean survival time is not a function of dose (i.e. all animals irradiated with a total body dose in this range survive for approximately the same length of time).

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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4
Q

Hemopoietic Syndrome, GI Syndrome, & CNS Syndrome … match each with dose

A
  • Hemopoietic syndrome: 1-10 Gy
  • GI Syndrome: 10-100 Gy
  • CNS Syndrome: greater than 100 Gy
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5
Q

What is the Prodromal Stage characterized by?

A

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (often referred to as N-V-D syndrome)

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6
Q

During the Latent Stage, internal changes ____________ taking place.

A. are
B. might be
C. are not

A

A. are

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7
Q

What is the LD 50/60 for humans?

A

2.5-3.0 Gy

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8
Q

The depression of all blood cell counts is referred to as:

A. leukopenia
B. pancytopenia
C. anemia
D. thrombocytopenia

A

B. pancytopenia

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9
Q

Does the GI Syndrome occur if only the GI tract has been irradiated?

A

No, because the bone marrow plans an integral role in this syndrome

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10
Q

What Syndrome does the LD 100 for humans fall within?

A

GI Syndrome

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11
Q

Does survival time vary with dose in the GI syndrome?

A

No, death occurs at the same time, regardless of dose

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12
Q

Is the cause of death in the CNS Syndrome fully known or understood?

A

No

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13
Q

Does the bone marrow and GI tract exhibit dramatic changes in the CNS syndrome?

A

No, because the individual does not live long enough

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14
Q

What are the general effects of radiation on the embryo/fetus?

A

Lethality, congenital abnormalities present at birth, long-term effects (late effects) that are not visible at birth but develop later in life

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15
Q

Doses as low as _____ Gy cause a detectable increase in the number of microcephalic individuals, regardless of gestational age.

A

0.09

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16
Q

What is the most common sequalae of in-utero exposure after the 1st trimester?

A

Microcephaly

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17
Q

Which trimester is the embryo / fetus most radiosensitive in terms of both lethality and induction of congenital abnormalities in humans?

A

The first trimester (in particularly the first 6 weeks of development)

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18
Q

final exponsential portion of the curve

A

Do

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19
Q

quasi-threshold dose, the width of the shoulder region of a cell survival curve

A

Dq

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20
Q

extrapolation number

A

n

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21
Q

are High Do Doses radiosensitive or radioresistent?

A

radioresistent

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22
Q

are Low Do Doses radiosensitive or radioresistent?

A

radiosensitive

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23
Q

True or False: In the shoulder region of the survival curve for mammalian cells, equal increases in dose cause a corresponding equal decrease in surviving fraction. (Hint: In the shoulder region, damage does not have to be accumulated before the cell dies.)

A

False

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24
Q

When a given dose of radiation is divided into 2 equal doses separated by various intervals of time, the surviving fraction of cells was ___________ if the same total dose were given as a single dose. (Hint: Elkind & Sutton-Gilbert experiments in 1960)

A

larger than

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25
Q

damage that can be repaired between irradiation and the subsequent mitosis, and which is lethal if not repaired

A

PLD (potentially lethal damage)

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26
Q

nonlethal damage that either can be repaired or can accumulate and become lethal if further dose is given

A

SLD (sublethal damage)

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27
Q

Repair of SLD and PLD has been demonstrated for which of the following types of radiation?
PLD is demonstrated after a ________ of radiation
SLD can only be demonstrated after _______ doses

A

single dose

two or more

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28
Q

_______ dose means that an observed response is directly proportional to the dose

A

linear

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29
Q

_________ dose assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect

A

nonlinear

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30
Q

_______ dose assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect

A

nonthreshold

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31
Q

______ dose assumes that there is a radation level reached below which there would be no effects observed

A

threshold

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32
Q

Current radiation protection guidelines are established using the _________ dose-response relationship model.

A

linear nonthreshold

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33
Q

High dose effects observed in radiation therapy are demonstrated by the ________ dose-response relationship model.

A

sigmoid

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34
Q

The cells in the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the intestine fall into which of the following cell population categories?

A

stem cell population

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35
Q

Adult nervous tissue and muscle fall into which cell population category?

A

static population

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36
Q

Match each category of cell population with its degree of radiosensitivity/radioresistance: Vegetative Intermitotic Cells, Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells, Reverting Postmitotic Cells, Fixed Postmitotic Cells

A

Vegetative Intermitotic Cells: most radiation sensitive
Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells: intermediate in sensitivity to radiation
Reverting Postmitotic Cells: relatively radioresistant
Fixed Postmitotic Cells: most radioresistant

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37
Q

Which type of Reverting Postmitotic Cell is differentiated and very radiosensitive?

A

Mature Lymphocyte

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38
Q

Be able to match a type of cell to its category of cell population: Vegetative Intermitotic Cells, Differentiating Intermitotic Cells, Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells, Fixed Postmitotic Cells

erythroblasts

A

Vegetative Intermitotic Cells

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39
Q

Be able to match a type of cell to its category of cell population: Vegetative Intermitotic Cells, Differentiating Intermitotic Cells, Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells, Fixed Postmitotic Cell

type B spermatogonia

A

Differentiating Intermitotic Cells:

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40
Q

Be able to match a type of cell to its category of cell population: Vegetative Intermitotic Cells, Differentiating Intermitotic Cells, Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells, Fixed Postmitotic Cell

fibroblasts

A

Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells

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41
Q

Be able to match a type of cell to its category of cell population: Vegetative Intermitotic Cells, Differentiating Intermitotic Cells, Multipotential Connective Tissue Cells, Fixed Postmitotic Cell

erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

Fixed Postmitotic Cells

42
Q

contains the cells characteristic of that individual tissue or organ

A

parenchymal compartment

43
Q

composed of connective tissue and vasculature, which make up the supporting structure of the organ

A

stromal compartment

44
Q

Know acutely responding tissues vs. late responding tissues

manifest their injury within a few months after radiation is completed

A

acutely responding tissues

45
Q

Know acutely responding tissues vs. late responding tissues

do not express injury for at least 3 months or longer

A

late resonding tissue

46
Q

As RBE increases, what happens to dose?

A

decreases

47
Q

What does reducing the dose rate do to the survival curve?

A

The slope becomes more shallow

48
Q

True or False: High LET radiations do not show a dose-rate effect.

A

True

49
Q

What happens to the survival curve of cells irradiated in oxygen?

A

Two things:

  1. The should region of the curve is small
  2. The slope of the exponential portion of the curve is steeper, resulting in a decreased Do dose
50
Q

Know about the oxygen effect

A

Specific name given to the response of cells to radiation in the presence of oxygen

51
Q

Know common radiosensitizers

A

Nirtoimidazoles & 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5-BUDR) and 5-iododeoxyuridine (5-IUDR)

52
Q

Know the quality factor of x-rays, high-energy photons, electrons, thermal neutrons, gamma rays, fast neutrons, & alpha particles

X-rays, gamma rays, and electrons =
Thermal neutrons =
High energy photons=
Fast neutrons & alpha particles =

A

X-rays, gamma rays, and electrons = 1
Thermal neutrons = 5
High energy photons= 10
Fast neutrons & alpha particles = 20

53
Q

What do gas filled chambers measure?

A

Measure either the rate of ionization or the level of ionization

54
Q

TLDs contain lithium fluoride or calcium fluoride crystals. When exposed to ionizing radiation, these crystals store radiant energy when heated. As they are heated, the crystals release energy as _______ , which is then measured by a machine

A

light

55
Q

Does the ICRP & NCRP have jurisdiction to enforce recommendations?

A

no

56
Q

True or False: Neutrons are detected by ion chambers & G-M detectors

A

False

57
Q

What is the annual negligible individual dose?

A

1 mrem/yr (0.01 mSv/yr)

58
Q

the replacement of damaged cells in the organ by the same cell type present before radiation

A

regeneration

59
Q

the replacement of the depleted original cells by a different cell

A

repair

60
Q

What is the average lifetime of an erythrocyte in the circulating blood?

A

120 days

61
Q

Regardless of the time after irradiation that an acute effect occurs, the cause is the same … depletion of the ____________ cells specific to the tissue.

A

paranchymal

62
Q

Which of the following are true?
Chronic (late) effects may occur either:
1. as a consequence of irreversible and progressive early changes
2. as a consequence of irreversible and progressive late changes
3. due to depletion of critical parenchymal cells
4. due to depletion of critical nonparenchymal cells

A
  1. as a consequence of irreversible and

4. due to depletion of critical nonparenchymal cells

63
Q

Do primary or secondary effects appear sooner & progress more quickly?

A

Secondary chronic effects appear sooner and progress more quickly than primary chronic effects

64
Q

True or False: Chronic effects can occur years after radiation therapy is completed.

A

true

65
Q

The cells in the circulating blood are resistant to radiation. What is the one exception to this?

A

Lymphocytes

66
Q

When irradiated, what type of cells decrease first, second, third

A

Lymphocytes decrease first, neutrophils are second, and platelets and RBCs are third

67
Q

How many Gy will cause temporary sterility in men?

A

2.5 Gy

68
Q

What is considered the most radioresistant system in adults?

A

Central nervous system

69
Q

In the brain, what type of matter is more radiosensitive?

A

White brain matter

70
Q

low LET radiation produces ________ ionizations separated by _____ distances

A

sparse; long

71
Q

in general, cells and tissues whose survival curves have large shoulders show ____ dose-rate effects.

A

large

72
Q

a cutie pie is an ________-type survey meter

A

ion chamber

73
Q

if you forgot your film badge, you would use a __________.

A

pocket dosimeter

74
Q

In _______________ states, both the NRC and the state are responsible for enforcing radiation protection regulations.

A

non-agreement

75
Q

catastrophic and irreversible acute changes heal by ______

A

repair

76
Q

dose that will kill 50% of the population in 60 days

A

LD 50/60

77
Q

what does a radiation sensitizer do to the response?

A

enhances

78
Q

what does a radiation protector do to the response?

A

diminishes

79
Q

In “LD 50/60,” the 50 refers to which of the following:

A. number in a population
B. percent of a population
C. days
D. dose

A

B. percent of a population

80
Q

Survival time does not vary with dose in the GI syndrome. Death occurs at the same time, regardless of dose.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

81
Q

What organ is severely damaged by doses in the 10 - 100 Gy range?

A. small intestine
B. bone marrow
C. blood vessels that supply the CNS
D. large intestine

A

A. small intestine

82
Q

Which of the following are general effects of radiation on the embryo/fetus?

A. lethality
B. congenital abnormalities
C. late effects not visible at birth
D. all of these answers

A

D. all

83
Q

Radiation does not cause unique congenital abnormalities.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

84
Q

Repair of SLD and PLD has been demonstrated for which of the following types of radiation? (Please check all that apply)

o neutrons
o x-rays
o y-rays

A

x-rays and y-rays

85
Q

Neutrons reduce the shoulder and steepen the slope of the cell survival curve.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

86
Q

Oxygen is a ________________.

A. Radiosensitizer
B. Radioprotector

A

A. Radiosensitizer

87
Q

The oxygen effect is most pronounced with …

A. low LET radiations
B. both low and high LET radiations
C. neither low or high LET radiations
D. high LET radiations

A

A. low LET radiations

88
Q

The origin of x-rays is the electron shells. What is the origin of gamma radiation?

A. electron shells or nucleus, depending on the radioisotope
B. electron shells
C. nucleus
D. electron shells and nucleus

A

C. nucleus

89
Q

Which of the following restores the organ to its pre-irradiated state?

A. redistribution
B. repair
C. regeneration
D. repopulation

A

C. regeneration

90
Q

What is the SED 50 for humans?

A. 200 rad (2 Gy)
B. 800 rad (8 Gy)
C. 400 rad (4 Gy)
D. 600 rad (6 Gy)

A

D. 600 rad (6 Gy)

91
Q

When compared to mature nondividing cells, immature dividing cells are damaged after______________ doses of radiation.

A. lower
B. higher
C. the same

A

A. lower

92
Q

The appearance of radiation damage is influenced by:

A. the biologic stress on the cell
B. the conditions to which the cell is exposed post-irradiation
C. all of the answers listed
the conditions to which the cell is exposed pre-irradiation

A

C. all of the answers listed

the conditions to which the cell is exposed pre-irradiation

93
Q

Chronic (late) effects may occur either:

  1. as a consequence of irreversible and progressive early changes
  2. as a consequence of irreversible and progressive late changes
  3. due to depletion of critical parenchymal cells
  4. due to depletion of critical nonparenchymal cells
A. 2 & 3
B. 1 & 3
C. 1, 2, 3, & 4
D. 1 & 4
E. 2 & 4
A

D. 1 & 4

94
Q

Chronic effects can occur years after radiation therapy is completed.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

95
Q

Pathologically, is it possible to distinguish between primary and secondary chronic changes?

A. sometimes, depending on turnover kinetics
B. yes
C. no

A

C. no

96
Q

What represents the ultimate secondary chronic effect?

A. stenosis
B. fibrosis
C. atrophy
D. necrosis
E. ulceration
A

D. necrosis

97
Q

Match each alimentary canal organ to its degree of radiosensitivity using the following:

1: least radiosensitive (i.e. most radioresistant)
2. intermediate radiosensitivity
3. most radiosensitive (i.e. least radioresistant)

Stomach
Small intestine
Esophagus

A

Stomach-2
Small intestine-3
Esophagus-1

98
Q

permanent sterility in men can be produced by an acute radiation dose of

A

5.5Gy

99
Q

Although the dose necessary to produce sterility in females is a function of age, in general, a dose of greater than __________ produces sterility in women.

A

6.25Gy

100
Q

High LET radiation produces _______________ ionizations separated by _______________ distances.

A

dense; short

Radiation Biology (6 decks)

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