Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
Cell group that are the most radioreseistant:
A
Cells in group 1 close to vessel
2
Q
General public exposure:
A
1 mSv
3
Q
Annual occupation exposure:
A
5 rem
4
Q
Embryo-fetus:
A
0.5 rem
5
Q
Extremities:
A
500 mSv
6
Q
Lens of the eye:
A
150 mSv
7
Q
1 rad = ____ erg/gram
A
100
8
Q
1 Gy = ___ rads
A
100
9
Q
1 sievert= ____ rems
A
100
10
Q
Dose (in rads) X QF
A
rem
11
Q
Dose measured in air
A
roentgen
12
Q
T/F: the NCRP recommended dose for the lens of the eye is 150 mSv or 15 rem – nonstochastic
A
True
13
Q
T/F: NCRP recommended occupation exposure is 5 rem/year after 18
A
True
14
Q
T/F: NCRP recommended dose for embryo fetus is 5 rem
A
False
15
Q
T/F: higher LET radiation shifts the cell survival curve to the right
A
False
16
Q
T/F: carcinogenesis is the single most important event in the late effects of radiation therapy
A
True
17
Q
The max permissible dose according to the NCRP for occupational exposed workers is:
A
5 rem
18
Q
Dose equivalent exposure non-stochastic effect for the lens of the eye according to the NCRP is:
A
150 mSv
19
Q
Total equivalent dose for the fetus is
A
5 mSv
20
Q
Which is the truer statement regarding carcinogenesis?
A
Tissues varies greatly
21
Q
In ___________ states, both the NRC and the state are responsible for enforcing radiaiton protection regulations
A
Non-agreement
22
Q
If you forgot your film badge, which of the following would be a suitable alternative?
A
Pocket dosimeter
23
Q
A cutie pie is a
A
Ion chamber-type survey meter
24
Q
Low LET radiation produces ______ ionizations separated by ________ distances.
A
Sparse; long
25
In the brain what is more radiosensitive?
White matter
26
Least in order of least radiosensitive to most radiosensitive (stomach, esophagus, small intestine)
Esophagus, stomach, small intestine
27
When irradiated what is the order than blood cells decrease
Lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets, RBCs
28
What is the ultimate secondary chronic effect?
Necrosis
29
Pathologically, is it possible to distinguish between primary and secondary chronic changes?
no
30
Which of the following appears sooner and progress more quickly?
Secondary chronic effects
31
When compared to mature nondividing cells, immature dividing cells are damaged after _____ doses of radiation
Lower
32
What is the SED 50 for humans?
600 rads (6 Gy)
33
Which of the following restores the organ to its pre-irradiated state?
Regeneration
34
The replacement of the depleted original cells by a different cell type is the definition of:
Repair
35
The replacement of damaged cells in the organ by the same cell type present before raidaiton is the definition of:
Regeneration
36
an annual negligible individual dose of ____ has been set
0.01 mSv/yr
37
gas filled chambers measure:
rate of ionization and level of ionization
38
```
Match each to the quality factor:
x-rays:
high energy photons:
electrons:
thermal neutrons:
gamma rays:
fast neutrons and alpha particles:
```
```
x-rays: 1
high energy photons: 10
electrons: 1
thermal neutrons: 5
gamma rays: 1
fast neutrons and alpha particles: 20
```
39
The oxygen effect is most pronounced with
Low LET radaitions
40
T/F: High LET radiation do no show a dose rate effect
True
41
RBE increases as dose:
Decreases
42
T/F: neutrons reduce the shoulder and steepen the slope of the cell survival curve:
True
43
```
Match type of cell to cell population
Erythroblast:
Type B spermatogonia:
Fibroblasts:
Erythrocytes:
```
Erythroblast: Vegetative intermitotic cell
Type B spermatogonia: differentiating intermitotic cells
Fibroblasts: Multipotential connective tissue cells
Erythrocytes: Fixed postmitotic cells
44
Match each category with degree of radiosensitivity/radioresistance
Vegetative intermitotic cell:
Multipotential connective tissue cells:
Reverting postmitotic cells:
Fixed postmitotic cells:
Vegetative intermitotic cell: the most radiation- sensitive group of cells in the body
Multipotential connective tissue cells: intermediate in sensitivity to radiation
Reverting postmitotic cells: relatively radioresistant
Fixed postmitotic cells: the most radiation resistant group of cells in the body
45
High dose effects observed in radiation therapy are demonstrated by the _____ dose response relationship model
Sigmoid
46
Current radiation protection guidelines are established using the _______ dose response relationship model
Linear nonthreshold
47
Linear:
Nonlinear:
Threshold:
Nonthreshold:
Linear: an observed response is directly proportional to the dose
Nonlinear: an observed response is not directly proportional to the dose
Threshold: there is a radiation level reached below which there would be no effects observed
Nonthreshold: any radiation dose produces an effect
48
T/F: In the shoulder region of the survival curve for mammalian cells, equal increases in dose cause a corresponding equal decrease in surviving fraction
False
49
Radiosensitive/radioresesistant
High Do dose:
Low Do dose:
High Do dose: radioresesistant
| Low Do dose: Radiosensitive
50
Match each one to its defition:
N =
Dq=
Do=
```
N = extrapolation number
Dq= defines the width of the shoulder region
Do= final exponential portion of the curve
```
51
Doses as low as ___ Gy cause detectable increase in the number of microcephalic individuals, regardless of gestational age
0.09 Gy
52
T/F: Radiation does not cause unique congenital abnormalities
True
53
What are general effects of radiation on the embryo/fetus?
Late effects not visible at birth, lethality, congenital abnormalities
54
The depression of all blood cell counts is referred to as:
Pancytopenia
55
What is the LD 50/60 for humans?
2.5-3.0 Gy
56
Match each syndrome to its respective dose:
1-10 Gy :
10-100 Gy:
>100 Gy:
1-10 Gy : Hemopoeitic Syndrome
10-100 Gy: GI Syndrome
>100 Gy: CNS Syndrome
57
T/F: Between 10 and 100 Gy, mean survival times is not a function of dose
True
58
Assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect
Nonthreshold
59
Highly ionizing particles produce many ionizations in ______ distances
Short
60
LET is a function of the _______ and ______ of the radiation
Mass and charge
61
What is more likely after high LET radiation?
Direct action of radiation on a cell
62
How much time does it take to complete the S phase of the cell cycle?
6-8 hours
63
How much time does it take to complete the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
4-6 hours
64
How much time does it take to complete the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
8-10 hours
65
The site of all metabolic activity in the cell is the
Cytoplasm
66
Starch, glycogen, lactose, and sucrose are examples of which of the following organic components in the cell?
Carbohydrates
67
Insulin, albumin, hemoglobin, and enzymes are examples of which of the following organic components in the cell?
Proteins
68
The normal diploid or 2n number in humans is
46
69
The number of chromosomes in germ cells is referred to as the _______ number.
Haploid
70
A mutation that occurs as a result of a change to a single DNA base pair, created by one nucleuotide being exchanged for another
Point mutations
71
What causes slight molecular changes, which in turn causes the cell to function incorrectly?
Point lesions
72
Irradiating macromolecules may result in disturbance of single chemical bonds, which create molecular lesions or
Point lesions
73
Certain macromolecules have spur-like extensions off the main chain, while others develop these spurs after being irradiated. After being irradiated, these spurs can act as if they had sticky material on their ends. This stickiness causes the macromolecule to connect to another macromolecule, or to another section of the same molecule. This is termed…
Cross linking
74
This occurs when the thread or backbone of the long chain molecule is broken
Main chain scission
75
Most radiation actions with humans are (direct/indirect)
Indirect
76
Dose in rads from 250 keV x-ray necessary to produce a given effect divided by dose in rads of test radiation necessary to produce the same effect refers to
RBE
77
Which of the following lists of radiation types goes from low LET to high LET?
Cobalt-60, diagnostic x-rays, protons, neutrons
78
T/F: The higher the LET of radiation, the lower the chance of a biologic interaction
False
79
A measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter is referred to as
LET
80
Can one determine whether visible changes to cells, tissues, and organs are casued by radiation, versus by other sources?
No
81
T/F: The interaction of radiation within the cell is not random
False
82
What is the most radiosensitive part of the cell?
DNA
83
What is the most radioresistant cell cycle phase?
G2
84
Cells that have low radiosensitivity include:
Muscle cells, nerves cells, and chondrocytes
85
Cells that have an intermediate radiosensitivity include
Endothelial cells, osteoblasts, spermatids, and fibroblasts
86
Cells that are considered highly radiosenstive include:
Lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythroblasts, and instestinal crypt cells
87
During what phase does chemotherapy work best?
S
88
During what phase does radiation therapy work best?
M
89
The diploid number is
2n
90
The normal number of chromosomes for humans is termed the ______ numner
Diploid
91
Match the DNA pairing:
Adenine =====
Guanine ======
Adenine ===== thymine
| Guanine ====== cytosine
92
The Si unit of radioactivity ----
becquerel
93
The conventional unit of radioactivity ----
curie
94
The SI unit that describes the energy that is absorbed in matter from any type of ionizing radiation, and is considered the unit of absorbed dose.
gray
95
The conventional unit that describes the energy that is absorbed in matter from any type of ionizing radiation, and is considered the unit of absorbed dose.
rad
96
The SI unit of dose equivalent or occupation exposure; represents the amount of radiation received by personnel
sievert
97
The conventional unit of dose equivalent or occupation exposure; represents the amount of radiaiotn received by personnel
rem
98
The SI unit used to define a unit of radiation exposure or quantity; a measure of the ionization of air that is created by x-and gamma-radiaiton below 3 MeV
coulumb per kilogram
99
The conventional unit used to define a unit of radiation exposure or quantity; a measure of the ionization of air that is created by x-and gamma-radiaition below 3 MeV
roentgen
100
1. Stem or immature cells are more radiosensitive than
mature cells.
2. Younger tissues and organs are more radiosensitive than older tissues and organs.
3. The higher the metabolic cell activity, the more radiosensitive it is.
4. The greater the proliferation and growth rate for tissues, the greater the radiosensitivity.
Law of Bergonie and Tribondea
101
Who exposed human uterine cervix cells to varying doses of radiation. They experimentally determined reproductive failure by counting the number
of colonies formed by these irradiated cells.
Puck and Marcus
102
Their experiments on mammals demonstrated that there are two factors that affect the manifestation of radiation damage to the cell:
1. The amount of biologic stress the cell receives.
2. Pre- and post-irradiation conditions to which the cell is exposed.
Ancel & Vitemberger
