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Radiation Biology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Cell group that are the most radioreseistant:

A

Cells in group 1 close to vessel

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2
Q

General public exposure:

A

1 mSv

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3
Q

Annual occupation exposure:

A

5 rem

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4
Q

Embryo-fetus:

A

0.5 rem

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5
Q

Extremities:

A

500 mSv

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6
Q

Lens of the eye:

A

150 mSv

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7
Q

1 rad = ____ erg/gram

A

100

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8
Q

1 Gy = ___ rads

A

100

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9
Q

1 sievert= ____ rems

A

100

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10
Q

Dose (in rads) X QF

A

rem

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11
Q

Dose measured in air

A

roentgen

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12
Q

T/F: the NCRP recommended dose for the lens of the eye is 150 mSv or 15 rem – nonstochastic

A

True

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13
Q

T/F: NCRP recommended occupation exposure is 5 rem/year after 18

A

True

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14
Q

T/F: NCRP recommended dose for embryo fetus is 5 rem

A

False

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15
Q

T/F: higher LET radiation shifts the cell survival curve to the right

A

False

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16
Q

T/F: carcinogenesis is the single most important event in the late effects of radiation therapy

A

True

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17
Q

The max permissible dose according to the NCRP for occupational exposed workers is:

A

5 rem

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18
Q

Dose equivalent exposure non-stochastic effect for the lens of the eye according to the NCRP is:

A

150 mSv

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19
Q

Total equivalent dose for the fetus is

A

5 mSv

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20
Q

Which is the truer statement regarding carcinogenesis?

A

Tissues varies greatly

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21
Q

In ___________ states, both the NRC and the state are responsible for enforcing radiaiton protection regulations

A

Non-agreement

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22
Q

If you forgot your film badge, which of the following would be a suitable alternative?

A

Pocket dosimeter

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23
Q

A cutie pie is a

A

Ion chamber-type survey meter

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24
Q

Low LET radiation produces ______ ionizations separated by ________ distances.

A

Sparse; long

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25
Q

In the brain what is more radiosensitive?

A

White matter

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26
Q

Least in order of least radiosensitive to most radiosensitive (stomach, esophagus, small intestine)

A

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine

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27
Q

When irradiated what is the order than blood cells decrease

A

Lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets, RBCs

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28
Q

What is the ultimate secondary chronic effect?

A

Necrosis

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29
Q

Pathologically, is it possible to distinguish between primary and secondary chronic changes?

A

no

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30
Q

Which of the following appears sooner and progress more quickly?

A

Secondary chronic effects

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31
Q

When compared to mature nondividing cells, immature dividing cells are damaged after _____ doses of radiation

A

Lower

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32
Q

What is the SED 50 for humans?

A

600 rads (6 Gy)

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33
Q

Which of the following restores the organ to its pre-irradiated state?

A

Regeneration

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34
Q

The replacement of the depleted original cells by a different cell type is the definition of:

A

Repair

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35
Q

The replacement of damaged cells in the organ by the same cell type present before raidaiton is the definition of:

A

Regeneration

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36
Q

an annual negligible individual dose of ____ has been set

A

0.01 mSv/yr

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37
Q

gas filled chambers measure:

A

rate of ionization and level of ionization

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38
Q 
Match each to the quality factor:
x-rays: 
high energy photons:  
electrons: 
thermal neutrons: 
gamma rays: 
fast neutrons and alpha particles:
A 
x-rays: 1
high energy photons: 10 
electrons: 1 
thermal neutrons: 5
gamma rays: 1
fast neutrons and alpha particles: 20
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39
Q

The oxygen effect is most pronounced with

A

Low LET radaitions

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40
Q

T/F: High LET radiation do no show a dose rate effect

A

True

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41
Q

RBE increases as dose:

42
Q

T/F: neutrons reduce the shoulder and steepen the slope of the cell survival curve:

43
Q 
Match type of cell to cell population 
Erythroblast: 
Type B spermatogonia: 
Fibroblasts: 
Erythrocytes:
A

Erythroblast: Vegetative intermitotic cell
Type B spermatogonia: differentiating intermitotic cells
Fibroblasts: Multipotential connective tissue cells
Erythrocytes: Fixed postmitotic cells

44
Q

Match each category with degree of radiosensitivity/radioresistance

Vegetative intermitotic cell:
Multipotential connective tissue cells:
Reverting postmitotic cells:
Fixed postmitotic cells:

A

Vegetative intermitotic cell: the most radiation- sensitive group of cells in the body
Multipotential connective tissue cells: intermediate in sensitivity to radiation
Reverting postmitotic cells: relatively radioresistant
Fixed postmitotic cells: the most radiation resistant group of cells in the body

45
Q

High dose effects observed in radiation therapy are demonstrated by the _____ dose response relationship model

46
Q

Current radiation protection guidelines are established using the _______ dose response relationship model

A

Linear nonthreshold

47
Q

Linear:
Nonlinear:
Threshold:
Nonthreshold:

A

Linear: an observed response is directly proportional to the dose
Nonlinear: an observed response is not directly proportional to the dose
Threshold: there is a radiation level reached below which there would be no effects observed
Nonthreshold: any radiation dose produces an effect

48
Q

T/F: In the shoulder region of the survival curve for mammalian cells, equal increases in dose cause a corresponding equal decrease in surviving fraction

49
Q

Radiosensitive/radioresesistant
High Do dose:
Low Do dose:

A

High Do dose: radioresesistant

Low Do dose: Radiosensitive

50
Q

Match each one to its defition:
N =
Dq=
Do=

A 
N = extrapolation number
Dq= defines the width of the shoulder region 
Do= final exponential portion of the curve
51
Q

Doses as low as ___ Gy cause detectable increase in the number of microcephalic individuals, regardless of gestational age

52
Q

T/F: Radiation does not cause unique congenital abnormalities

53
Q

What are general effects of radiation on the embryo/fetus?

A

Late effects not visible at birth, lethality, congenital abnormalities

54
Q

The depression of all blood cell counts is referred to as:

A

Pancytopenia

55
Q

What is the LD 50/60 for humans?

A

2.5-3.0 Gy

56
Q

Match each syndrome to its respective dose:
1-10 Gy :
10-100 Gy:
>100 Gy:

A

1-10 Gy : Hemopoeitic Syndrome
10-100 Gy: GI Syndrome
>100 Gy: CNS Syndrome

57
Q

T/F: Between 10 and 100 Gy, mean survival times is not a function of dose

58
Q

Assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect

A

Nonthreshold

59
Q

Highly ionizing particles produce many ionizations in ______ distances

60
Q

LET is a function of the _______ and ______ of the radiation

A

Mass and charge

61
Q

What is more likely after high LET radiation?

A

Direct action of radiation on a cell

62
Q

How much time does it take to complete the S phase of the cell cycle?

63
Q

How much time does it take to complete the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

64
Q

How much time does it take to complete the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

8-10 hours

65
Q

The site of all metabolic activity in the cell is the

66
Q

Starch, glycogen, lactose, and sucrose are examples of which of the following organic components in the cell?

A

Carbohydrates

67
Q

Insulin, albumin, hemoglobin, and enzymes are examples of which of the following organic components in the cell?

68
Q

The normal diploid or 2n number in humans is

69
Q

The number of chromosomes in germ cells is referred to as the _______ number.

70
Q

A mutation that occurs as a result of a change to a single DNA base pair, created by one nucleuotide being exchanged for another

A

Point mutations

71
Q

What causes slight molecular changes, which in turn causes the cell to function incorrectly?

A

Point lesions

72
Q

Irradiating macromolecules may result in disturbance of single chemical bonds, which create molecular lesions or

A

Point lesions

73
Q

Certain macromolecules have spur-like extensions off the main chain, while others develop these spurs after being irradiated. After being irradiated, these spurs can act as if they had sticky material on their ends. This stickiness causes the macromolecule to connect to another macromolecule, or to another section of the same molecule. This is termed…

A

Cross linking

74
Q

This occurs when the thread or backbone of the long chain molecule is broken

A

Main chain scission

75
Q

Most radiation actions with humans are (direct/indirect)

76
Q

Dose in rads from 250 keV x-ray necessary to produce a given effect divided by dose in rads of test radiation necessary to produce the same effect refers to

77
Q

Which of the following lists of radiation types goes from low LET to high LET?

A

Cobalt-60, diagnostic x-rays, protons, neutrons

78
Q

T/F: The higher the LET of radiation, the lower the chance of a biologic interaction

79
Q

A measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter is referred to as

80
Q

Can one determine whether visible changes to cells, tissues, and organs are casued by radiation, versus by other sources?

81
Q

T/F: The interaction of radiation within the cell is not random

82
Q

What is the most radiosensitive part of the cell?

83
Q

What is the most radioresistant cell cycle phase?

84
Q

Cells that have low radiosensitivity include:

A

Muscle cells, nerves cells, and chondrocytes

85
Q

Cells that have an intermediate radiosensitivity include

A

Endothelial cells, osteoblasts, spermatids, and fibroblasts

86
Q

Cells that are considered highly radiosenstive include:

A

Lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythroblasts, and instestinal crypt cells

87
Q

During what phase does chemotherapy work best?

88
Q

During what phase does radiation therapy work best?

89
Q

The diploid number is

90
Q

The normal number of chromosomes for humans is termed the ______ numner

91
Q

Match the DNA pairing:
Adenine =====
Guanine ======

A

Adenine ===== thymine

Guanine ====== cytosine

92
Q

The Si unit of radioactivity —-

93
Q

The conventional unit of radioactivity —-

94
Q

The SI unit that describes the energy that is absorbed in matter from any type of ionizing radiation, and is considered the unit of absorbed dose.

95
Q

The conventional unit that describes the energy that is absorbed in matter from any type of ionizing radiation, and is considered the unit of absorbed dose.

96
Q

The SI unit of dose equivalent or occupation exposure; represents the amount of radiation received by personnel

97
Q

The conventional unit of dose equivalent or occupation exposure; represents the amount of radiaiotn received by personnel

98
Q

The SI unit used to define a unit of radiation exposure or quantity; a measure of the ionization of air that is created by x-and gamma-radiaiton below 3 MeV

A

coulumb per kilogram

99
Q

The conventional unit used to define a unit of radiation exposure or quantity; a measure of the ionization of air that is created by x-and gamma-radiaition below 3 MeV

100
Q
  1. Stem or immature cells are more radiosensitive than
    mature cells.
  2. Younger tissues and organs are more radiosensitive than older tissues and organs.
  3. The higher the metabolic cell activity, the more radiosensitive it is.
  4. The greater the proliferation and growth rate for tissues, the greater the radiosensitivity.
A

Law of Bergonie and Tribondea

101
Q

Who exposed human uterine cervix cells to varying doses of radiation. They experimentally determined reproductive failure by counting the number
of colonies formed by these irradiated cells.

A

Puck and Marcus

102
Q

Their experiments on mammals demonstrated that there are two factors that affect the manifestation of radiation damage to the cell:

  1. The amount of biologic stress the cell receives.
  2. Pre- and post-irradiation conditions to which the cell is exposed.
A

Ancel & Vitemberger

Radiation Biology (6 decks)

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