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Radiation Biology > Test 1 Review > Flashcards

Test 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of protein in a cell?

A

basic building blocks of the cells and tissues

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2
Q

what is the component of protein in a cell?

A

aminio acids

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3
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates in a cell?

A

provide energy necessary to all basic cellular functions

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4
Q

what are the compnenets of carbohydrates in a cell?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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5
Q

what is the function of nucleic acid in a cell?

A

direct cellular information and transmit genetic information between cells and generations

role in protein synthesis

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6
Q

what is the function of lipids in a cell?

A

various functions; such as store energy, provide protection

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7
Q

what are examples of nucleic acid in cells?

A

DNA and RNA

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8
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

monitors exchanges between cell and environment

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9
Q

what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
rough ER
smooth ER

A
  • protein synthesis

- variety of functions in cells, making substances other than protein

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10
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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11
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

produce energy by oxidizing carbohydrates and lipids

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12
Q

what is the function of lysosomes

A

contains enzymes capabe of destroying the cell

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13
Q

what is the function of golgi complex

A

concentration and segregation of products for secretion; carbohydrate synthesis

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14
Q

what is the function of the nuclear membrane?

A

separation of nucleus from cytoplasm; permits selective passage of molecules from nucleus to cytoplasm, and vice versa

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15
Q

what is the function of nucleolus

A

contains RNA

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16
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

contains genetic information

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17
Q

SI unit for roentgen

A

coulomb/kilogram

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18
Q

SI unit for rad

A

gray

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19
Q

SI unit for rem

A

sievert

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20
Q

SI unit for curie

A

becquerel

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21
Q

Conventional & SI unit for exposure

A

roentgen

coulomb per kilogram

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22
Q

Conventional & SI unit for dose equivalent

A

rem

sievert

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23
Q

Conventional & SI unit for absorbed dose

A

rad

gray

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24
Q

Conventional & SI unit for activity

A

curie

becqurel

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25
what is the total number of chromosomes? what is the total number of pairs?
46 chromosomes 23 pairs
26
1. Stem or immature cells are more radiosensitive than mature cells. 2. Younger tissues and organs are more radiosensitive than older tissues and organs. 3. The higher the metabolic cell activity, the more radiosensitive it is. 4. The greater the proliferation and growth rate for tissues, the greater the radiosensitivity.
Law of Bergonie and Tribondea
27
Their experiments on mammals demonstrated that there are two factors that affect the manifestation of radiation damage to the cell: 1. The amount of biologic stress the cell receives. 2. Pre- and post-irradiation conditions to which the cell is exposed.
Ancel & Vitemberger
28
Ancel and Vitemberger suggest that the intrinsic susceptibility of damage to any cell by ionizing radiation is identical, but
the time of manifestation of radiaition produced damage varies according to the cell type
29
Direct ionization along charged particle tracks caused ____________ (original ionization occurs directly on target molecule).
direct effects
30
The formation of free radicals caused __________ | original ionization occurs with water and transfers ionization to target molecule
indirect effects
31
what was theodor puck and phillip marcus' experience
exposed human uterine cervix cells to varying doses of radiation. They experimentally determined reproductive failure by counting the number of colonies formed by these irradiated cells.
32
what percent of the protoplasm is made up of water?
70-85%
33
what are the two categories of DNA?
Purines and Pyrimidines
34
what are the four categories of DNA
(A) - adenine - purine (G) - guanine - purine (T) - thymine - pyrimidines (C) - cytosine - pyrimidines
35
what are the three varieties of RNA?
``` messenger RNA (m-RNA) transfer RNA (t-RNA) ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) ```
36
what is the main function of m-RNA
carries directions for protein synthesis from the DNA molecule situated in the cell’s nucleus into the cytoplasm, and also carries the code for specific protein synthesis from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
37
what is the main function of t-RNA
carries amino acid molecules from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
38
what is the main function of r-RNA
assists in the linking of the messenger RNA to the ribosome.
39
cells that are considered highly radiosensitive include:
lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythroblasts, and intestinal crypt cells.
40
Cells that have an intermediate radiosensitivity include:
endothelial cells, osteoblasts, spermatids, and fibroblasts
41
Cells that have low radiosensitivity include:
muscle and nerve cells, and chondrocytes
42
what part of the cell is the most radiosensitive?
nucleus - but DNA is the most radiosensitive
43
what is interphase death?
cell death before mitosis
44
in what phase does chemotherapy work best?
S phase
45
in what phase does radiaiton work best?
metaphase
46
a measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter
linear energy transfer (LET)
47
what are the two examples of low LET radiaiton
x and y rays
48
what are two examples of high LET radiation
alpha particles and neutrons
49
the comparison of a dose of test radiation to the dose of 250 keV x-ray that produces the same biologic response
RBE (relative biologic effect)
50
a chromosome with 2 centers or 2 centrometers
dicentric
51
breakage of a chromatid
deletion
52
macromolecules reduced in size and thickness
mainchain scission
53
the spurs on the marcomolecule adhere to other macromolecules, enlarging and thickening the orginal macromolecule
cross linking
54
slight molecular changes occur that cause cells to function incorrectly
point lession
55
in vitro
outside of the body or cell
56
in vivo
inside the living cell
57
mitosis goes along with ... (haploid or diploid)
diploid
58
meiosis goes along with .... (haploid or diploid)
haploid
59
accumulated damage is called
sublethal damage
60
what are the four radiation syndrome phases
prodromal, latent, manifest, and recovery or death
61
what is the manifest stage?
the illness stage; body shows signs and symptoms to the radiaiton dose

Radiation Biology (6 decks)

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