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Radiation Biology > Test 1 Review > Flashcards

Test 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of protein in a cell?

A

basic building blocks of the cells and tissues

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2
Q

what is the component of protein in a cell?

A

aminio acids

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3
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates in a cell?

A

provide energy necessary to all basic cellular functions

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4
Q

what are the compnenets of carbohydrates in a cell?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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5
Q

what is the function of nucleic acid in a cell?

A

direct cellular information and transmit genetic information between cells and generations

role in protein synthesis

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6
Q

what is the function of lipids in a cell?

A

various functions; such as store energy, provide protection

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7
Q

what are examples of nucleic acid in cells?

A

DNA and RNA

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8
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

monitors exchanges between cell and environment

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9
Q

what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
rough ER
smooth ER

A
  • protein synthesis

- variety of functions in cells, making substances other than protein

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10
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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11
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

produce energy by oxidizing carbohydrates and lipids

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12
Q

what is the function of lysosomes

A

contains enzymes capabe of destroying the cell

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13
Q

what is the function of golgi complex

A

concentration and segregation of products for secretion; carbohydrate synthesis

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14
Q

what is the function of the nuclear membrane?

A

separation of nucleus from cytoplasm; permits selective passage of molecules from nucleus to cytoplasm, and vice versa

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15
Q

what is the function of nucleolus

A

contains RNA

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16
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

contains genetic information

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17
Q

SI unit for roentgen

A

coulomb/kilogram

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18
Q

SI unit for rad

A

gray

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19
Q

SI unit for rem

A

sievert

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20
Q

SI unit for curie

A

becquerel

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21
Q

Conventional & SI unit for exposure

A

roentgen

coulomb per kilogram

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22
Q

Conventional & SI unit for dose equivalent

A

rem

sievert

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23
Q

Conventional & SI unit for absorbed dose

A

rad

gray

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24
Q

Conventional & SI unit for activity

A

curie

becqurel

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25
Q

what is the total number of chromosomes? what is the total number of pairs?

A

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

26
Q
  1. Stem or immature cells are more radiosensitive than
    mature cells.
  2. Younger tissues and organs are more radiosensitive than older tissues and organs.
  3. The higher the metabolic cell activity, the more radiosensitive it is.
  4. The greater the proliferation and growth rate for tissues, the greater the radiosensitivity.
A

Law of Bergonie and Tribondea

27
Q

Their experiments on mammals demonstrated that there are two factors that affect the manifestation of radiation damage to the cell:

  1. The amount of biologic stress the cell receives.
  2. Pre- and post-irradiation conditions to which the cell is exposed.
A

Ancel & Vitemberger

28
Q

Ancel and Vitemberger suggest that the intrinsic susceptibility of damage to any cell by ionizing radiation is identical, but

A

the time of manifestation of radiaition produced damage varies according to the cell type

29
Q

Direct ionization along charged particle tracks caused ____________ (original ionization occurs directly on target molecule).

A

direct effects

30
Q

The formation of free radicals caused __________

original ionization occurs with water and transfers ionization to target molecule

A

indirect effects

31
Q

what was theodor puck and phillip marcus’ experience

A

exposed human uterine cervix cells to varying doses of radiation. They experimentally determined reproductive failure by counting the number
of colonies formed by these irradiated cells.

32
Q

what percent of the protoplasm is made up of water?

A

70-85%

33
Q

what are the two categories of DNA?

A

Purines and Pyrimidines

34
Q

what are the four categories of DNA

A

(A) - adenine - purine
(G) - guanine - purine
(T) - thymine - pyrimidines
(C) - cytosine - pyrimidines

35
Q

what are the three varieties of RNA?

A 
messenger RNA (m-RNA)
transfer RNA (t-RNA)
ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
36
Q

what is the main function of m-RNA

A

carries directions for protein synthesis from the DNA molecule situated in the cell’s nucleus into the cytoplasm, and also carries the code for specific protein synthesis from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

37
Q

what is the main function of t-RNA

A

carries amino acid molecules from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

38
Q

what is the main function of r-RNA

A

assists in the linking of the messenger RNA to the ribosome.

39
Q

cells that are considered highly radiosensitive include:

A

lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythroblasts, and intestinal crypt cells.

40
Q

Cells that have an intermediate radiosensitivity include:

A

endothelial cells, osteoblasts, spermatids, and fibroblasts

41
Q

Cells that have low radiosensitivity include:

A

muscle and nerve cells, and chondrocytes

42
Q

what part of the cell is the most radiosensitive?

A

nucleus - but DNA is the most radiosensitive

43
Q

what is interphase death?

A

cell death before mitosis

44
Q

in what phase does chemotherapy work best?

A

S phase

45
Q

in what phase does radiaiton work best?

A

metaphase

46
Q

a measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter

A

linear energy transfer (LET)

47
Q

what are the two examples of low LET radiaiton

A

x and y rays

48
Q

what are two examples of high LET radiation

A

alpha particles and neutrons

49
Q

the comparison of a dose of test radiation to the dose of 250 keV x-ray that produces the same biologic response

A

RBE (relative biologic effect)

50
Q

a chromosome with 2 centers or 2 centrometers

A

dicentric

51
Q

breakage of a chromatid

A

deletion

52
Q

macromolecules reduced in size and thickness

A

mainchain scission

53
Q

the spurs on the marcomolecule adhere to other macromolecules, enlarging and thickening the orginal macromolecule

A

cross linking

54
Q

slight molecular changes occur that cause cells to function incorrectly

A

point lession

55
Q

in vitro

A

outside of the body or cell

56
Q

in vivo

A

inside the living cell

57
Q

mitosis goes along with … (haploid or diploid)

A

diploid

58
Q

meiosis goes along with …. (haploid or diploid)

A

haploid

59
Q

accumulated damage is called

A

sublethal damage

60
Q

what are the four radiation syndrome phases

A

prodromal, latent, manifest, and recovery or death

61
Q

what is the manifest stage?

A

the illness stage; body shows signs and symptoms to the radiaiton dose

Radiation Biology (6 decks)

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