Test 1 Review Flashcards
what is the function of protein in a cell?
basic building blocks of the cells and tissues
what is the component of protein in a cell?
aminio acids
what is the function of carbohydrates in a cell?
provide energy necessary to all basic cellular functions
what are the compnenets of carbohydrates in a cell?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
what is the function of nucleic acid in a cell?
direct cellular information and transmit genetic information between cells and generations
role in protein synthesis
what is the function of lipids in a cell?
various functions; such as store energy, provide protection
what are examples of nucleic acid in cells?
DNA and RNA
what is the function of the cell membrane?
monitors exchanges between cell and environment
what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
rough ER
smooth ER
- protein synthesis
- variety of functions in cells, making substances other than protein
what is the function of ribosomes
protein synthesis
what is the function of mitochondria
produce energy by oxidizing carbohydrates and lipids
what is the function of lysosomes
contains enzymes capabe of destroying the cell
what is the function of golgi complex
concentration and segregation of products for secretion; carbohydrate synthesis
what is the function of the nuclear membrane?
separation of nucleus from cytoplasm; permits selective passage of molecules from nucleus to cytoplasm, and vice versa
what is the function of nucleolus
contains RNA
what is the function of the nucleus
contains genetic information
SI unit for roentgen
coulomb/kilogram
SI unit for rad
gray
SI unit for rem
sievert
SI unit for curie
becquerel
Conventional & SI unit for exposure
roentgen
coulomb per kilogram
Conventional & SI unit for dose equivalent
rem
sievert
Conventional & SI unit for absorbed dose
rad
gray
Conventional & SI unit for activity
curie
becqurel
what is the total number of chromosomes? what is the total number of pairs?
46 chromosomes
23 pairs
- Stem or immature cells are more radiosensitive than
mature cells. - Younger tissues and organs are more radiosensitive than older tissues and organs.
- The higher the metabolic cell activity, the more radiosensitive it is.
- The greater the proliferation and growth rate for tissues, the greater the radiosensitivity.
Law of Bergonie and Tribondea
Their experiments on mammals demonstrated that there are two factors that affect the manifestation of radiation damage to the cell:
- The amount of biologic stress the cell receives.
- Pre- and post-irradiation conditions to which the cell is exposed.
Ancel & Vitemberger
Ancel and Vitemberger suggest that the intrinsic susceptibility of damage to any cell by ionizing radiation is identical, but
the time of manifestation of radiaition produced damage varies according to the cell type
Direct ionization along charged particle tracks caused ____________ (original ionization occurs directly on target molecule).
direct effects
The formation of free radicals caused __________
original ionization occurs with water and transfers ionization to target molecule
indirect effects
what was theodor puck and phillip marcus’ experience
exposed human uterine cervix cells to varying doses of radiation. They experimentally determined reproductive failure by counting the number
of colonies formed by these irradiated cells.
what percent of the protoplasm is made up of water?
70-85%
what are the two categories of DNA?
Purines and Pyrimidines
what are the four categories of DNA
(A) - adenine - purine
(G) - guanine - purine
(T) - thymine - pyrimidines
(C) - cytosine - pyrimidines
what are the three varieties of RNA?
messenger RNA (m-RNA) transfer RNA (t-RNA) ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
what is the main function of m-RNA
carries directions for protein synthesis from the DNA molecule situated in the cell’s nucleus into the cytoplasm, and also carries the code for specific protein synthesis from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
what is the main function of t-RNA
carries amino acid molecules from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
what is the main function of r-RNA
assists in the linking of the messenger RNA to the ribosome.
cells that are considered highly radiosensitive include:
lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythroblasts, and intestinal crypt cells.
Cells that have an intermediate radiosensitivity include:
endothelial cells, osteoblasts, spermatids, and fibroblasts
Cells that have low radiosensitivity include:
muscle and nerve cells, and chondrocytes
what part of the cell is the most radiosensitive?
nucleus - but DNA is the most radiosensitive
what is interphase death?
cell death before mitosis
in what phase does chemotherapy work best?
S phase
in what phase does radiaiton work best?
metaphase
a measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter
linear energy transfer (LET)
what are the two examples of low LET radiaiton
x and y rays
what are two examples of high LET radiation
alpha particles and neutrons
the comparison of a dose of test radiation to the dose of 250 keV x-ray that produces the same biologic response
RBE (relative biologic effect)
a chromosome with 2 centers or 2 centrometers
dicentric
breakage of a chromatid
deletion
macromolecules reduced in size and thickness
mainchain scission
the spurs on the marcomolecule adhere to other macromolecules, enlarging and thickening the orginal macromolecule
cross linking
slight molecular changes occur that cause cells to function incorrectly
point lession
in vitro
outside of the body or cell
in vivo
inside the living cell
mitosis goes along with … (haploid or diploid)
diploid
meiosis goes along with …. (haploid or diploid)
haploid
accumulated damage is called
sublethal damage
what are the four radiation syndrome phases
prodromal, latent, manifest, and recovery or death
what is the manifest stage?
the illness stage; body shows signs and symptoms to the radiaiton dose
